Tenapanor

Molecular FormulaC₅₀H₆₆Cl₄N₈O₁₀S₂

Average mass1145.049 Da

1234423-95-0 [RN]

1234423-95-0 (free base)   1234365-97-9 (2HCl)

9652

3-((S)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)-N-(26-((3-((S)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)phenyl)sulfonamido)-10,17-dioxo-3,6,21,24-tetraoxa-9,11,16,18-tetraazahexacosyl)benzenesulfonamide

Benzenesulfonamide, N,N’-(10,17-dioxo-3,6,21,24-tetraoxa-9,11,16,18-tetraazahexacosane-1,26-diyl)bis[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]-

12,15-Dioxa-2,7,9-triazaheptadecanamide, 17-[[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]-N-[2-[2-[2-[[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethyl]-8-oxo-

1-[2-[2-[2-[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-4-yl]phenyl]sulfonylamino]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethyl]-3-[4-[2-[2-[2-[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-4-yl]phenyl]sulfonylamino]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethylcarbamoylamino]butyl]urea

17-[[[3-[(4S)-6,8-Dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]-N-[2-[2-[2-[[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]phenyl]sulfonyl]amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethyl]-8-oxo-12,15-dioxa-2,7,9-triazaheptadecanamide

Tenapanor is a drug developed by Ardelyx, which acts as an inhibitor of the sodium-proton exchanger NHE3. This antiporterprotein is found in the kidney and intestines, and normally acts to regulate the levels of sodium absorbed and secreted by the body. When administered orally, tenapanor selectively inhibits sodium uptake in the intestines, limiting the amount absorbed from food, and thereby reduces levels of sodium in the body.^[1] This may make it useful in the treatment of chronic kidney disease and hypertension, both of which are exacerbated by excess sodium in the diet.^[2]

Ardelyx and licensees Kyowa Hakko Kirin and Fosun Pharma are developing tenapanor, an NHE3 (Na+/H+ exchange-3) inhibitor that increases fluid content in the GI tract and which also reduces GI tract pain via an unknown TRPV-1-dependent pathway, for treating constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) and hyperphosphatemia in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD).

Syn

PATENT

WO2010078449

PATENT

WO-2019091503

A novel crystalline form of tenapanor free base, process for its preparation, composition comprising it and its use for the preparation of tenapanor with chemical purity >98.8% is claimed. Also claimed are salt forms of tenapanor, preferably tenapanor phosphate and their use for treating irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, hyperphosphatemia, final stage renal failure, chronic kidney disease and preventing excess sodium in patients with kidney and heart conditions. Further claimed are processes for the preparation of tenapanor comprising the steps of reaction of a diamine compound with 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, followed by deprotection and condensation to obtain tenapanor. Novel intermediates of tenapanor and their use for the preparation of tenapanor are claimed. Tenapanor is known to be a sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 inhibitor and analgesic.

enapanor, having the chemical name 17-[[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]phenyl]sulphonyl]amino]-N-[2-[2-[2-[[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl -4-isoquinolinyl] phenyl] sulphonyl] amino] ethoxy] ethoxy ] ethyl] – 8 -oxo- 12,15 -dioxa-2 ,7,9-triazaheptadecaneamide, is a selective inhibitor of the sodium protonic NHE3 antiporter. Orally administered tenapanor selectively inhibits the absorption of sodium in the intestine. This leads to an increase of water content in the digestive tract, improved bowel flow and normalization of the frequency of bowel movement and stool consistency. At the same time it exhibits antinociceptive activity and ability to lower serum phosphate levels. Because of these properties, it is clinically tested for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, especially when accompanied by constipation, treatment of hyperphosphatemia, especially in patients with dialysis with final stage renal failure, treatment of chronic kidney disease, and prevention of excess sodium in patients with kidney and heart conditions. The tenapanor molecule, which was first described in the international patent application WO 2010/078449, has the following structural formula:

In this document, tenapanor was prepared as bishydrochloride salt. The bishydrochloride salt was prepared only in the form of an amorphous foam, which, after solidification, required grinding for further processing. However, the thus obtained particles are of varying sizes, while a narrow particle size distribution is required for pharmaceutical use in order to ensure uniform behavior. The amorphous foam obtained in the said document is essentially a thickened reaction mixture or a slightly purified reaction mixture containing, in addition to tenapanor, various impurities. The possibilities to purify the reaction mixtures are limited. Moreover, amorphous foams tend to adsorb solvents, and it is usually difficult to remove (or dry out) the residual solvents from the amorphous foam. This is undesirable for pharmaceutical use. A typical feature of amorphous foams is a large specific surface, resulting in a greater interaction of the substance with the surrounding environment. This significantly increases the risk of decomposition of the substance, for example through air oxygen, moisture or light. The present invention aims at overcoming these problems.

It would be advantageous to provide tenapanor solid forms (tenapanor free base or tenapanor salts) which are precipitated in solid forms, thus allowing to filter off the liquid reaction mixture containing the impurities. This results in a significantly improved purity.

The process used in WO 2010/078449 for the preparation of bishydrochloride salt of tenapanor was based on the preparation of 3-(6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzene-l-sulfonyl chloride of formula III from 4-(3-bromophenyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l, 2,3,4-te

Scheme 1

The said document also discloses resolution of the starting tetrahydroisoquinoline of formula II by L-or D-dibenzoylt

(II) (S-II) (R-II)

Scheme 2

WO 2010/078449 discloses further steps of preparation of tenapanor, as shown in Scheme 3.

(V) (I)

Scheme 3

Individual synthetic steps described in Scheme 3 result in low yields: 42% for the reaction of the chloride of formula III with 2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethylamine of formula IV, and 59% for the subsequent reaction with 1,4-diisocyanatobutane of formula V. The products of both synthetic steps are isolated by preparative chromatography which is technologically an unsuitable isolation and purification technique. The low yields and the need to use preparative chromatography for the isolation are caused by an abundance of side products and impurities and by the inability of the intermediates as well as of the product to provide a crystalline form.

Thus present invention thus further aims at providing a method of preparation of tenapanor which would be economically effective, in particular in relation to the expensive starting compound 4-(3-bromophenyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, and which would also enable industrial scale production, in particular by removing steps which cannot be scaled up effectively or which cannot be scaled up at all. Furthermore, the method of preparation of tenapanor should provide tenapanor in a form which is useful for use in pharmaceutical forms and does not have the disadvantages of an amorphous foam.

Tenapanor free base in the form of an amorphous solid foam was prepared by the procedure disclosed in patent application WO 2010/078449, Example 202. The chemical purity of the tenapanor prepared by this procedure was 96.5% (HPLC). The structure of tenapanor was verified by MS and H and ¹³C NMR spectra.

Step A

Preparation of (5)- -(3-(benzylthio)phenyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline

Potassium carbonate (9.30 g) and anhydrous xylene (500 ml) were added to the reaction vessel. Benzyl mercaptane (25 g) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture under ice -cooling. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 °C for lh.

(S)-4-(3-bromophenyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 50 g in anhydrous xylene (500 ml), Pd₂(dba)₃ (3 g) and Xantphos (3 g). The resulting solution was stirred at 25 °C for 30 minutes and then added to a solution of benzyl mercaptane. The resulting reaction mixture was maintained at 140 °C for 16 h. The mixture was then concentrated and the residue was subjected to preparative chromatography on silica gel with the mobile phase ethyl acetate / petroleum ether (1: 100-1 :50). 20 g of product are obtained as a yellow oil (36% yield).

Ste B

Preparation of (5) -3 -(6 , 8 -dichloro-2 -methyl- 1,2,3 ,4-tetr ahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzenesulf onyl chloride hydrochloride

(S)-4-(3-(benzylthio)phenyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (16 g) was dissolved in the reaction vessel in acetic acid/water (160 mL: 16 mL) mixture. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and then gaseous Cl₂ was introduced into the well stirred mixture. After disappearance of the starting material, the reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen and concentrated in vacuo. A product (10 g, 66.6%) was obtained as a colorless substance.

Step C

Preparation of (S)-N-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-3-(6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l, 2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide

2-(2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethylamine HC1 (30 g; 0.2 mol) and triethylamine (5.2 g; 52 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (500 ml) and the mixture was chilled in an ice bath. (S)-3-(6,8-Dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzenesulfonyl chloride hydrochloride (10 g; 26 mmol) was added in parts during 40 minutes to the chilled reaction mixture. The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at laboratory temperature for additional 30 minutes.

The dichloromethane solution was extracted three times by brine (2x 250 ml), dried over sodium sulphate, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified using preparative chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane-methanol mobile phase.

Yield 7.2 g. HRMS 502.1247 [M+H]⁺, C₂₂H₂₉CI₂N₃O₄S.

Step D

Preparation of 17-[[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]phenyl]sulphonyl]amino]-N-[2-[2-[2-[[[3-[(4S)-6,8-dichloro-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl -4-isoquinolinyl] phenyl] sulphonyl] amino] ethoxy] ethoxy ] ethyl] – 8 -oxo- 12,15 -dioxa-2 ,7,9-triazah

(S)-N-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-3-(6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (5g; 10 mmol) prepared in step A was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 ml). Triethylamine (1.5 g; 14.9 mmol) and 1 ,4-diisocyanatobutane (0.48 g; 3.4 mmol) were added to the solution. The reaction mixture was cooled using ice and stirred overnight. The resulting fine suspension was filtered off, the filtrate was concentrated and the obtained product was purified by preparative chromatography on on silica gel with dichloromethane-methanol mixture as a mobile phase

Yield: 2 g of tenapanor in the form of amorphous solid foam. HPLC purity 96.5 %.

HRMS 1143.3186 [M+H]⁺, C₅oH₆₆Cl₄N₈0₁₀S2. *H NMR (500MHz, DMSO, ppm):7.69-7.66 (m, 6H), 7.54-7.50 (m, 6H), 6.89 (bs, 2H), 5.9 (t, 2H), 5.79 (t, 2H), 4.4 (dd, 2H), 3.7 (dd, 4H), 3.44-3.44 (m, 8H), 3.35 (dd, 8H), 3.12 (dd, 4H), 2.96-2.64 (m, 12H), 2.37 (s, 6H), 1.31 (bs, 4H).

Ste E

Preparation of bishydrochloride salt of tenapanor

Tenapanor free base (1 g; 0.85 mmol) prepared in step B was dissolved in a mixture of methanol (10 ml) and 4M aqueous HCl (0.5 ml; 2 mmol) under mild reflux. The solution was concentrated on rotary vacuum evaporator, and the title product was obtained in the yield of 1 g of amorphous solid foam.

Example 1

Preparation of tenapanor, crystalline form I

Tenapanor free base (200 mg, 0.17 mmol), prepared as in step D of the comparative example, was dissolved in 0.4 ml acetonitrile under mild reflux. The clear solution was cooled at the rate of 1 °C/min with stirring to laboratory temperature (i.e., range from 22 °C to 26 °C) and then stirred for additional 2 hours at this temperature. The resulting crystals were isolated by filtration on sintered glass filter and dried for 6 hours in a vacuum oven at 40 °C. Crystallization yield was 170 mg of crystalline form I of tenapanor. HPLC showed a purity of 99.5%.

Examples 4 to 9 illustrate the inventive method of preparation of crystalline tenapanor.

Example 4

Preparation of (5)- -(3-(benzylthio)phenyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline

DIPEA (9.6 mL) and anhydrous dioxane (100 mL) were added to a reaction vessel. Benzyl mercaptan (8.1 ml) was added dropwise to the stirred mixture under ice -cooling. The resulting mixture was stirred at 25 °C for lh.

In a second reaction vessel, (S)-4-(3-bromophenyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (21.2 g) in anhydrous dioxane (140 mL), Pd₂(dba)₃ (835 mg)and Xantphos (835 mg) were mixed. The resulting solution was stirred at 25 °C for 30 minutes and then added to the solution of benzyl mercaptan. The resulting reaction mixture was maintained at gentle reflux for 3 hours.

After cooling, the suspension obtained was filtered through a thin layer of celite. HC1 was added to the filtrate. The precipitated hydrochloride was isolated by filtration, washed well and dried. 21 g of pinkish product were obtained (81.6% yield).

Example 5

Preparation of (5) -3 -(6 , 8 -dichloro-2 -methyl- 1,2,3 ,4-tetr ahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzenesulf onyl chloride hydrochlorid

(S)-4-(3-(benzylthio)phenyl)-6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (11.1 g) was stirred in DCM/2M HC1 (70 mL:6 mL) mixture in a reaction vessel. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and then gaseous Cl₂ was introduced into the vigorously stirred mixture. After disappearance of the starting material, the resulting suspension was bubbled through by nitrogen and the product was filtered off and washed with DCM. 9.2 g of white product was obtained (82.7% yield).

Example 6

In the reaction vessel, t-butyl 2-(2-(2-amionoethoxy)ethoxy)ethylcarbamate (21.8 g) was stirred in DCM. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath under an inert atmosphere. To the cooled solution was

added 1 ,4-diisocyanatobutane (6.14 g) and TEA (0.1 mL). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was further stirred for 2 h.

35% HCl was added to the reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred under gentle reflux overnight.

After cooling, the precipitated product was filtered off and washed with DCM.

The product was recrystallized from propan-2-ol. 22.3 g of white product was obtained (80% yield).

Example 7

Preparation of (5)-N-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-3-(6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l , 2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzenesulfonamide

(S)-3-(6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzenesulfonyl chloride hydrochloride (11.7 g) prepared in Example 2 was stirred in dichloromethane (100 ml) and the suspension was cooled in an ice bath. To the cooled suspension was added a solution of t-butyl 2-(2-(2-amionoethoxy)ethoxy)ethylcarbamate (6.8 g) and DIPEA (14 ml) in DCM (50 ml). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 hours in an ice bath. The reaction mixture was extracted twice with water. Concentrated HCl (15 mL) was added to the dichloromethane solution and the mixture heated at gentle reflux for 2 h.

The precipitated product, after cooling, was extracted into water. The aqueous phase was separated and basified with Na₂C0₃. The product as the free base was extracted into DCM and the dichloromethane solution was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo. 12.9 g of product were obtained.

Yield 93.4%. HRMS 502.1247 [M+H]⁺, C₂₂H₂₉CI₂N₃O₄S.

Example 8

Preparation of 17-[[[3-[(45)-6,8-dichloro-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]phenyl] sulfonyl]amino]-N-[2-[2-[2-[[[3-[(45)-6,8-dichloro-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl] phenyl] sulf onyl] amino] ethoxy ] ethoxy ] ethyl] – 8 -oxo- 12,15 -dioxa-2 ,7 ,9-triazaheptadecanamide (tenapanor free base)

(S)-N-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-3-(6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolin- 4-yl)benzenesulfonamide (12.9 g) prepared in Example 4 was dissolved in dichloromethane (150 ml). To the solution was added triethylamine (0.3 ml) and 1,4-diisocyanatobutane (1.7 g). The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 2 h. The resulting reaction mixture was extracted with water and aqueous Na₂C0₃. The dichloromethane solution of the product was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated to a solid foam. Yield 13.9 g. The crude product was taken up in acetone (100 ml) and then recrystallized from methanol (80 ml). 7.3 g of white crystalline product was obtained. Yield 49.8%.

HRMS 1143.3186 [M+H]⁺, C₅oH₆₆Cl₄N₈0₁₀S₂. ^!H NMR (500MHz, DMSO, ppm):7.69-7.66 (m, 6H), 7.54-7.50 (m, 6H), 6.89 (bs, 2H), 5.9 (t, 2H), 5.79 (t, 2H), 4.4 (dd, 2H), 3.7 (dd, 4H), 3.44-3.44 (m, 8H), 3.35 (dd, 8H), 3.12 (dd, 4H), 2.96-2.64 (m, 12H), 2.37 (s, 6H), 1.31 (bs, 4H)

Example 9

Preparation of 17-[[[3-[(45)-6,8-dichloro-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl]phenyl] sulfonyl]amino]-N-[2-[2-[2-[[[3-[(45)-6,8-dichloro-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-isoquinolinyl] phenyl] sulf onyl] amino] ethoxy ] ethoxy ] ethyl] – 8 -oxo- 12,15 -dioxa-2 ,7 ,9-

(S)-3-(6,8-dichloro-2-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)benzenesulfonyl chloride hydrochloride (0.81 g) prepared in Example 2 and l,l’-(butane-l,4-diyl)bis(3-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)urea) dihydrochloride prepared according to Example 3 (0.48 g) were stirred in anhydrous ΝΜΡ (10 ml). To the suspension was added DIPEA (2 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at 60 °C for 1.5 h. Water (10 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture and the mixture was cooled to 5 °C. The precipitated product was isolated and stirred in acetone at 5 °C overnight. The beige product was filtered off (0.67 g) and recrystallized from methanol (12 ml).

0.53 g of a colorless crystalline product was obtained.

Yield 78.7 %. HRMS 502.1247 [M+H]⁺, C₂₂H₂₉CI₂N₃O₄S. DSC analysis showed the melting temperature of 130.5 °C.

Example 10

Tenapanor (1.48 g, 1.3 mmol) is dissolved in 10 ml of tetrahydrofurane (THF). From the thus prepared solution, 1 ml is taken and phosphoric acid (0.4 mmol) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Salt of tenapanor with phosphoric acid precipitated from the solution in solid stable form, the salt was filtered off, washed with THF and dried by stream of inert gas. XRPD confirmed amorphousness of the product.

Example 11

Tenapanor (1.48 g, 1.3 mmol) is dissolved in 10 ml of tetrahydrofurane (THF). From the thus prepared solution, 1 ml is taken and hydrobromic acid (0.4 mmol) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Salt of tenapanor with hydrobromic acid precipitated from the solution in solid stable form, the salt was filtered off, washed with THF and dried by stream of inert gas. XRPD confirmed amorphousness of the product.

Example 12

Tenapanor (1.48 g, 1.3 mmol) is dissolved in 10 ml of acetone. From the thus prepared solution, 1 ml is taken and phosphoric acid (0.4 mmol) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Salt of tenapanor with phosphoric acid precipitated from the solution in solid stable form, the salt was filtered off, washed with acetone and dried by stream of inert gas. XRPD confirmed amorphousness of the product.

Example 13

Tenapanor (1.48 g, 1.3 mmol) is dissolved in 10 ml of acetone. From the thus prepared solution, 1 ml is taken and citric acid (0.4 mmol) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Salt of tenapanor with citric acid precipitated from the solution in solid stable form, the salt was filtered off, washed with acetone and dried by stream of inert gas. XRPD confirmed amorphousness of the product.

Other pharmaceutically acceptable acids were tested by the procedures shown in Examples 10-13, but did not yield salts which would precipitate in amorphous stable solid form from the solution. The tested acids were: methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, maleinic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, trichloroacetic acid.

Example 14

Tenapanor (500 mg, 0.44 mmol) is dissolved in 20 ml of THF at 45 °C. To this clear solution, a solution of phosphoric acid in THF (50 μ1/5 ml) is added dropwise during 10 minutes. The resulting suspension is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The precipitated salt of tenapanor with phosph (79 %) oric is filtered off, washed with 3 ml of THF and dried by stream of inert gas. Yield: 430 mg of colourless salt of tenapanor with phosphoric acid. XRPD showed amorphousness of the product.

Example 15

Tenapanor (500 mg, 0.44 mmol) is dissolved in 20 ml of THF at 45 °C. To this clear solution, hydrobromic acid (48%; 100 μΐ) is added dropwise during 10 minutes. A fine precipitate forms already during the dropwise addition of HBr, and the suspension is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The precipitated salt of tenapanor with HBr is filtered off, washed with 3 ml of THF and dried by stream of inert gas. Yield: 397 mg (69 %) of colourless salt of tenapanor with HBr (1 :2). XRPD showed amorphousness of the product.

References

1. ^ Spencer AG, Labonte ED, Rosenbaum DP, Plato CF, Carreras CW, Leadbetter MR, Kozuka K, Kohler J, Koo-McCoy S, He L, Bell N, Tabora J, Joly KM, Navre M, Jacobs JW, Charmot D (2014). “Intestinal inhibition of the na+/h+ exchanger 3 prevents cardiorenal damage in rats and inhibits na+ uptake in humans”. Sci Transl Med. 6 (227): 227ra36. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007790. PMID 24622516.
2. ^ Salt-buster drug cuts sodium absorbed from food. New Scientist, 14 March 2014

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14: Nusrat S, Miner PB Jr. New pharmacological treatment options for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2015;20(4):625-36. doi: 10.1517/14728214.2015.1105215. Review. PubMed PMID: 26548544.

15: Spencer AG, Greasley PJ. Pharmacologic inhibition of intestinal sodium uptake: a gut centric approach to sodium management. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2015 Sep;24(5):410-6. doi: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000154. Review. PubMed PMID: 26197202.

16: Zielińska M, Wasilewski A, Fichna J. Tenapanor hydrochloride for the treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2015;24(8):1093-9. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1054480. Review. PubMed PMID: 26065434.

17: Thomas RH, Luthin DR. Current and emerging treatments for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation: focus on prosecretory agents. Pharmacotherapy. 2015 Jun;35(6):613-30. doi: 10.1002/phar.1594. Review. PubMed PMID: 26016701.

18: Gerritsen KG, Boer WH, Joles JA. The importance of intake: a gut feeling. Ann Transl Med. 2015 Mar;3(4):49. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.21. PubMed PMID: 25861604; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4381464.

19: Labonté ED, Carreras CW, Leadbetter MR, Kozuka K, Kohler J, Koo-McCoy S, He L, Dy E, Black D, Zhong Z, Langsetmo I, Spencer AG, Bell N, Deshpande D, Navre M, Lewis JG, Jacobs JW, Charmot D. Gastrointestinal Inhibition of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3 Reduces Phosphorus Absorption and Protects against Vascular Calcification in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 May;26(5):1138-49. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014030317. PubMed PMID: 25404658; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4413764.

20: Spencer AG, Labonte ED, Rosenbaum DP, Plato CF, Carreras CW, Leadbetter MR, Kozuka K, Kohler J, Koo-McCoy S, He L, Bell N, Tabora J, Joly KM, Navre M, Jacobs JW, Charmot D. Intestinal inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 prevents cardiorenal damage in rats and inhibits Na+ uptake in humans. Sci Transl Med. 2014 Mar 12;6(227):227ra36. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007790. PubMed PMID: 24622516.

Tenapanor

Clinical data
Routes of administration	Oral
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	1234423-95-0
PubChem CID	71587953
ChemSpider	32056950
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID40154016
ECHA InfoCard	100.243.471
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C50H66Cl4N8O10S2
Molar mass	1145.046 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] CN1C[C@H](C2=C(C1)C(=CC(=C2)Cl)Cl)C3=CC(=CC=C3)S(=O)(=O)NCCOCCOCCNC(=O)NCCCCNC(=O)NCCOCCOCCNS(=O)(=O)C4=CC=CC(=C4)[C@@H]5CN(CC6=C5C=C(C=C6Cl)Cl)C
InChI[hide] InChI=1S/C50H66Cl4N8O10S2/c1-61-31-43(41-27-37(51)29-47(53)45(41)33-61)35-7-5-9-39(25-35)73(65,66)59-15-19-71-23-21-69-17-13-57-49(63)55-11-3-4-12-56-50(64)58-14-18-70-22-24-72-20-16-60-74(67,68)40-10-6-8-36(26-40)44-32-62(2)34-46-42(44)28-38(52)30-48(46)54/h5-10,25-30,43-44,59-60H,3-4,11-24,31-34H2,1-2H3,(H2,55,57,63)(H2,56,58,64)/t43-,44-/m0/s1 Key:DNHPDWGIXIMXSA-CXNSMIOJSA-N

//////////////Tenapanor, AZD 1722, RDX 5791, chronic kidney disease,  hypertension

CN1CC(C2=CC(=CC(=C2C1)Cl)Cl)C3=CC(=CC=C3)S(=O)(=O)NCCOCCOCCNC(=O)NCCCCNC(=O)NCCOCCOCCNS(=O)(=O)C4=CC=CC(=C4)C5CN(CC6=C(C=C(C=C56)Cl)Cl)C

Quinupramine

キヌプラミン

• MW:304.44 g/mol
• CAS:31721-17-2

SYN

References

• • DOS 2 030 492 (Sogeras; appl. 20.6.1970; GB-prior. 20.6.1969).
  • GB 1 252 320 (Sogeras; valid from 29.5.1970; prior. 20.6.1969).

Quinupramine

Clinical data
Routes of administration	Oral
ATC code	N06AA23 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life	33 hours
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	31721-17-2
PubChem CID	93154
ChemSpider	84098
UNII	29O61HFF4L
KEGG	D07336
ECHA InfoCard	100.046.149
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C21H24N2
Molar mass	304.43 g/mol g·mol−1

//////////////Quinupramine, キヌプラミン

EH-301, nicotinamide riboside chloride,AND  pterostilbene,, BY Elysium Health Inc

Nicotinamide riboside, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+. NR blocks degeneration of surgically severed dorsal root ganglion neurons ex vivo and protects against noise-induced hearing loss in living mice. Nicotinamide riboside prevents muscle, neural and melanocyte stem cell senescence. Increased muscular regeneration in mice has been observed after treatment with nicotinamide riboside, leading to speculation that it might improve regeneration of organs such as the liver, kidney, and heart. Nicotinamide riboside also lowers blood glucose and fatty liver in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic models while preventing the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Note: Nicotinamide Riboside chloride is a α/β mixture

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a pyridine–nucleoside form of vitamin B₃ that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+.^[1][2]

Chemistry

While the molecular weight of nicotinamide riboside is 255.25 g/mol,^[3] that of its chloride salt is 290.70 g/mol.^[4][5] As such, 100 mg of nicotinamide riboside chloride provides 88 mg of nicotinamide riboside.

History

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) was first described in 1944 as a growth factor, termed Factor V, for Haemophilus influenza, a bacterium that lives in and depends on blood. Factor V, purified from blood, was shown to exist in three forms: NAD+, NMN and NR. NR was the compound that led to the most rapid growth of this bacterium.^[6] Notably, H. influenza cannot grow on nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, tryptophan or aspartic acid, which were the previously known precursors of NAD+.^[7]

In 2000, yeast Sir2 was shown to be an NAD+-dependent protein lysine deacetylase,^[8] which led several research groups to probe yeast NAD+ metabolism for genes and enzymes that might regulate lifespan. Biosynthesis of NAD+ in yeast was thought to flow exclusively through NAMN (nicotinic acid mononucleotide).^{[9][10][11][12][13]}

When NAD+ synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) was deleted from yeast cells, NR permitted yeast cells to grow. Thus, these Dartmouth College investigators proceeded to clone yeast and human nicotinamide riboside kinases and demonstrate the conversion of NR to NMN by nicotinamide riboside kinases in vitro and in vivo. They also demonstrated that NR is a natural product found in cow’s milk.^[14][15]

Properties

Although it is a form of vitamin B3, NR exhibits unique properties that distinguish it from the other B3 vitamins—niacin and nicotinamide. In a head-to-head experiment conducted on mice, each of these vitamins exhibited unique effects on the hepatic NAD+ metabolome with unique kinetics, and with NR as the form of B3 that produced the greatest increase in NAD+ at a single timepoint.^[16]

Different biosynthetic pathways are responsible for converting the different B3 vitamins into NAD+. The enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the two-step pathway converting nicotinamide to NAD+. Two nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRK1 and NRK2) convert NR to NAD+ via a pathway that does not require Nampt.^[14]

Animal studies have demonstrated that these enzymes respond differently to age and stress. In a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy, NRK2 mRNA expression increased, while Nampt mRNA expression decreased.^[17] A similar increase in NRK1 and NRK2 expression has been observed in injured central and peripheral neurons.^{[18][19][20][21][22]}

Niacin is known for its tendency to cause an uncomfortable flushing of the skin. This flushing is triggered by the activation of the GPR109A G-protein coupled receptor. NR does not activate this receptor,^[23] and has not been shown to cause flushing in humans—even at doses as high as 2,000 mg/day.^{[16][24][25][26]}

Despite being an NAD+ precursor, nicotinamide acts as an inhibitor of the NAD+-consuming sirtuin enzymes.^[10] When sirtuins consume NAD+, they create nicotinamide and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose as products of the deacetylation reaction. Consistent with high-dose nicotinamide as a sirtuin inhibitor, NR and niacin, but not nicotinamide, have been shown to increase hepatic levels of O-acetyl-ADP-ribose.^[16]

Commercialization

In 2004, Dartmouth Medical School researcher Dr. Charles Brenner discovered that NR could be converted to NAD+ via the eukaryotic nicotinamide riboside kinase biosynthetic pathway^[14] Dartmouth was subsequently issued patents for nutritional and therapeutic uses of NR, in 2006.^[27] ChromaDex licensed these patents in July 2012, and began to develop a commercially viable, full-scale process to bring NR to market.^[28]

Human Clinical Testing

There have been five published clinical trials on groups of both men and women testing for safety. One of these trials studied NR in combination with pterostilbene,^[29] while the other four examined the effects of NR alone.^{[16][24][25][26]}

The first published clinical trial established the safety and characterized the pharmacokinetics of single doses of NR.^[16] Since then, doses as high as 2,000 mg/day have been administered over periods as long as 12 weeks.^[25] These studies show that NR can significantly increase levels of NAD+ and some of its associated metabolites in both whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.^[16][24][26]

In a 12 week clinical trial of obese insulin-resistant men using 2000 mg/day, NR appeared safe, but did not improve insulin sensitivity or whole-body glucose metabolism.^[26] In a trial of NR 250 mg plus 50 mg of pterostilbene, as well as with double this dose, the combined supplement raised NAD+ levels in a trial of older adults.^[29]

PATENT

WO-2019126482

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=E20C1C824C8C705AFA323203013A909F.wapp1nB?docId=WO2019126482&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION

Crystalline form of nicotinamide riboside chloride, useful for treating motor neuron disease or ALS, infertility, kidney damage, and liver damage or fatty liver. Elysium Health  in collaboration with  Mayo Clinic , is developing EH-301 (clinical, in July 2019), a combination of nicotinamide riboside chloride and pterostilbene for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. See WO2019108878 , claiming use of composition comprising nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene, for treating obesity.

Nicotinamide riboside is a pyridine-nucleoside form of niacin ( i.e ., vitamin B₃) that serves as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺). NAD⁺promotes cellular metabolism, mitochondrial function, and energy production. Currently, nicotinamide riboside is made through synthetic methods or fermentation processes. Because of its significant potential to confer health benefits when used as a dietary supplement, there exists a need to develop highly efficient and scalable processes for the manufacture and purification of nicotinamide riboside.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain aspects, the present invention provides a crystalline form of a compound having the structure of formula (I)

Example 1. Scale-Up Synthesis and Crystallization of Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride

900 kg of nicotinamide riboside triacetate and 2133 kg of methanol were charged to a reactor and mixed, then cooled to 0 °C. 747 kg of 7M mmmonia in methanol (i.e.,“methanolic NH₃”) was slowly charged to the reactor at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was passed through a polish filter, then the reaction mixture was stirred for 14 hours. A sample from the reaction mixture was taken to assess reaction progress. Upon completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was

placed under vacuum, then warmed to 20 °C to 25 °C for 4 hours. Vacuum was applied until solids formed. Once solids were formed, the resultant slurry was filtered on a Nutsche filter dryer. Solids were washed with 1422 kg of ethanol, then 1422 kg of acetone, then 1322 kg of methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE). The resultant solids were then dried at 40 °C. Product was formed with 60% yield. The process flow diagram for this reaction is shown in FIG. 6.

Example 2. Optional Secondary Isolation

The crystalline form may optionally undergo a second isolation process according to the following steps: The solids obtained in Example 1 were dissolved in purified water at 30 °C to 40 °C. Ethanol was slowly added to the solution and mixed for 10 hours, over which time the solids began to precipitate. MTBE was then added and mixed for 2 hours. The mixture was then filtered on a Buchner funnel, and the solids were washed with ethanol, then acetone, then MTBE. Solids were dried at 40 °C.

Example 3. Spectroscopic Data.

The crystalline form made by the process described in Examples 1 and 2 has an XRD spectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 1. The instrument utilized in collecting the XRD data is a Rigaku Smart Lab X-Ray diffraction system.

Specifically, in order to collect the XRD data, The Rigaku Smart-Lab X-ray diffraction system was configured for reflection Bragg-Brentano geometry using a line source X-ray beam. The X-ray source is a Cu Long Fine Focus tube that was operated at 40 kV and 44 mA. That source provides an incident beam profile at the sample that changes from a narrow line at high angles to a broad rectangle at low angles. Beam conditioning slits are used on the line X-ray source to ensure that the maximum beam size is less than 10 mm both along the line and normal to the line. The Bragg-Brentano geometry is a para-focusing geometry controlled by passive divergence and receiving slits with the sample itself acting as the focusing component for the optics. The inherent resolution of Bragg-Brentano geometry is governed in part by the diffractometer radius and the width of the receiving slit used. Typically, the Rigaku Smart-Lab is operated to give peak widths of 0.1 °2Q or less. The axial divergence of the X-ray beam is controlled by 5.0-degree Sober slits in both the incident and diffracted beam paths.

The samples were prepared in a low background Si holder using light manual pressure to keep the sample surface flat and level with the reference surface of the sample holder. The single crystal Si low background holder has a small circular recess (10 mm diameter and about 0.2 mm depth) that held between 20 and 25 mg of the sample. The samples were analyzed from 2 to 40

°2Q using a continuous scan of 6 °20 per minute with an effective step size of 0.02 °20. The data collection procedure used to analyze these samples was not validated. The peak lists were generated using PDXL2 v.2.3.1.0. The figures were created using PlotMon VI.00.

PATENT

WO2019108878 , claiming use of composition comprising nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene, for treating obesity.

CLIP

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0186459

CLIP

References

Further reading

• “Press Release: NIH researchers find potential target for reducing obesity-related inflammation”. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 November 2015.
• Stipp, David (March 11, 2015). “Guest Blog: Beyond Resveratrol: The Anti-Aging NAD Fad”. Scientific American Blog Network.
• Zhang, H; Ryu, D; Wu, Y; Gariani, K; Wang, X; Luan, P; D’Amico, D; Ropelle, ER; Lutolf, MP; Aebersold, R; Schoonjans, K; Menzies, KJ; Auwerx, J (17 June 2016). “NAD⁺ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice”. Science. 352 (6292): 1436–43. doi:10.1126/science.aaf2693. PMID 27127236.
• Dolopikou CF, Kourtzidis IA, Margaritelis NV, Vrabas IS, Koidou I, Kyparos A, Theodorou AA, Paschalis V, Nikolaidis MG. (2019 Feb 6). Acute nicotinamide riboside supplementation improves redox homeostasis and exercise performance in old individuals: a double-blind cross-over study. doi:10.1007/s00394-019-01919-4.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

High dose nicotinic acid is used as an agent that elevates high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower free fatty acids through a mechanism that is not completely understood. It was suggested that nicotinamide riboside might possess such an activity by elevating NAD in the cells responsible for reverse cholesterol transport. The discovery that the Wallerian degeneration slow gene encodes a protein fusion with NMN adenylyltransferase 1 indicated that increased NAD+ precursor supplementation might oppose neurodegenerative processes.

ChromaDex acquired intellectual property on uses and synthesis of NR from Dartmouth College, Cornell University, and Washington University and began distributing NR as Niagen in 2013. In November 2015 ChromaDex received New Dietary Ingredient (NDI) status for Niagen from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the FDA issued a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) No Objection Letter for Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride (NR) on August 3, 2016.

REFERENCES

1: Chi Y, Sauve AA. Nicotinamide riboside, a trace nutrient in foods, is a vitamin B3 with effects on energy metabolism and neuroprotection. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013 Nov;16(6):657-61. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32836510c0. Review. PubMed PMID: 24071780.

2: Bogan KL, Brenner C. Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside: a molecular evaluation of NAD+ precursor vitamins in human nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 2008;28:115-30. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155443. Review. PubMed PMID: 18429699.

3: Ghanta S, Grossmann RE, Brenner C. Mitochondrial protein acetylation as a cell-intrinsic, evolutionary driver of fat storage: chemical and metabolic logic of acetyl-lysine modifications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2013 Nov-Dec;48(6):561-74. doi: 10.3109/10409238.2013.838204. Review. PubMed PMID: 24050258; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4113336.

4: Yang Y, Sauve AA. NAD(+) metabolism: Bioenergetics, signaling and manipulation for therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Dec;1864(12):1787-1800. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.014. Review. PubMed PMID: 27374990.

5: Sauve AA. NAD+ and vitamin B3: from metabolism to therapies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Mar;324(3):883-93. doi: 10.1124/jpet.107.120758. Review. PubMed PMID: 18165311.

6: Kato M, Lin SJ. Regulation of NAD+ metabolism, signaling and compartmentalization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014 Nov;23:49-58. doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.07.009. Review. PubMed PMID: 25096760; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4254062.

7: Gerlach G, Reidl J. NAD+ utilization in Pasteurellaceae: simplification of a complex pathway. J Bacteriol. 2006 Oct;188(19):6719-27. Review. PubMed PMID: 16980474; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1595515.

8: Srivastava S. Emerging therapeutic roles for NAD(+) metabolism in mitochondrial and age-related disorders. Clin Transl Med. 2016 Dec;5(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s40169-016-0104-7. Review. PubMed PMID: 27465020; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4963347.

9: Handschin C. Caloric restriction and exercise “mimetics”: Ready for prime time? Pharmacol Res. 2016 Jan;103:158-66. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.009. Review. PubMed PMID: 26658171; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4970791.

10: Ruggieri S, Orsomando G, Sorci L, Raffaelli N. Regulation of NAD biosynthetic enzymes modulates NAD-sensing processes to shape mammalian cell physiology under varying biological cues. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Sep;1854(9):1138-49. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.02.021. Review. PubMed PMID: 25770681.

11: Imai S, Guarente L. NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease. Trends Cell Biol. 2014 Aug;24(8):464-71. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002. Review. PubMed PMID: 24786309; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4112140.

12: Jaehme M, Slotboom DJ. Structure, function, evolution, and application of bacterial Pnu-type vitamin transporters. Biol Chem. 2015 Sep;396(9-10):955-66. doi: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0113. Review. PubMed PMID: 26352203.

13: Magni G, Di Stefano M, Orsomando G, Raffaelli N, Ruggieri S. NAD(P) biosynthesis enzymes as potential targets for selective drug design. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(11):1372-90. Review. PubMed PMID: 19355893.

14: Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Partial reversal of skeletal muscle aging by restoration of normal NAD⁺ levels. Rejuvenation Res. 2014 Feb;17(1):62-9. doi: 10.1089/rej.2014.1546. Review. PubMed PMID: 24410488.

15: Penberthy WT. Pharmacological targeting of IDO-mediated tolerance for treating autoimmune disease. Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Apr;8(3):245-66. Review. PubMed PMID: 17430113.

16: Gazzaniga F, Stebbins R, Chang SZ, McPeek MA, Brenner C. Microbial NAD metabolism: lessons from comparative genomics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2009 Sep;73(3):529-41, Table of Contents. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00042-08. Review. PubMed PMID: 19721089; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2738131.

17: Magni G, Amici A, Emanuelli M, Orsomando G, Raffaelli N, Ruggieri S. Enzymology of NAD+ homeostasis in man. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004 Jan;61(1):19-34. Review. PubMed PMID: 14704851.

18: Magni G, Orsomando G, Raffelli N, Ruggieri S. Enzymology of mammalian NAD metabolism in health and disease. Front Biosci. 2008 May 1;13:6135-54. Review. PubMed PMID: 18508649.

19: Belenky P, Bogan KL, Brenner C. NAD+ metabolism in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci. 2007 Jan;32(1):12-9. Review. Erratum in: Trends Biochem Sci. 2008 Jan;33(1):1. PubMed PMID: 17161604.

20: Niven DF, O’Reilly T. Significance of V-factor dependency in the taxonomy of Haemophilus species and related organisms. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1990 Jan;40(1):1-4. Review. PubMed PMID: 2145965.

Nicotinamide riboside

Names
Other names 1-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide; N-Ribosylnicotinamide
Identifiers
CAS Number	1341-23-7
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:15927
ChemSpider	388956
KEGG	C03150
PubChem CID	439924
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C11H15N2O5+
Molar mass	255.25 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

///////////// EH-301,  EH 301,  EH301, Nicotinamide riboside,  SRT647, SRT-647, SRT 647, Nicotinamide Riboside Triflate, α/β mixture

C1=CC(=C[N+](=C1)C2C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)C(=O)N.[Cl-]

Imipenem

イミペネム水和物

Cas 74431-23-5

• Molecular FormulaC₁₂H₁₉N₃O₅S
• Average mass317.361 Da

(5R,6S)-3-((2-(Formimidoylamino)ethyl)thio)-6-((R)-1-hydroxyethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo(3.2.0)hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid monohydrate

Antibacterial, Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor

Imipenem (Primaxin among others) is an intravenous β-lactam antibiotic discovered by Merck scientists Burton Christensen, William Leanza, and Kenneth Wildonger in the mid-1970s.^[1] Carbapenems are highly resistant to the β-lactamase enzymes produced by many multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria,^[2] thus play a key role in the treatment of infections not readily treated with other antibiotics.^[3]

Imipenem was patented in 1975 and approved for medical use in 1985.^[4] It was discovered via a lengthy trial-and-error search for a more stable version of the natural product thienamycin, which is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces cattleya. Thienamycin has antibacterial activity, but is unstable in aqueous solution, so impractical to administer to patients.^[5] Imipenem has a broad spectrum of activity against aerobic and anaerobic, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.^[6] It is particularly important for its activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Enterococcus species. It is not active against MRSA, however.

Medical uses

Spectrum of bacterial susceptibility and resistance

Acinetobacter anitratus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides uniformis, and Clostridium perfringens are generally susceptible to imipenem, while Acinetobacter baumannii, some Acinetobacter spp., Bacteroides fragilis, and Enterococcus faecalis have developed resistance to imipenem to varying degrees. Not many species are resistant to imipenem except Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Oman) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.^[7]

Coadministration with cilastatin

Imipenem is rapidly degraded by the renal enzyme dehydropeptidase 1 when administered alone, and is almost always coadministered with cilastatin to prevent this inactivation^[8]

Adverse effects

Common adverse drug reactions are nausea and vomiting. People who are allergic to penicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics should take caution if taking imipenem, as cross-reactivity rates are high. At high doses, imipenem is seizurogenic.^[9]

Mechanism of action

Imipenem acts as an antimicrobial through inhibiting cell wall synthesis of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It remains very stable in the presence of β-lactamase (both penicillinase and cephalosporinase) produced by some bacteria, and is a strong inhibitor of β-lactamases from some Gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics.

SYM

By reaction of thienamycin (I) with methyl formimidate (II) by means of NaOH in water.

SYN 2

WO 0294828

The reaction of (3R,5R,6S)-6-(1(R)-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxo-1-carbapenem-3-carboxylic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester (I) with diphenyl chlorophosphate by (II) means of DMAP and DIEA in DMA/dichloromethane gives the enol phosphate (III), which is condensed with 2-aminoethanethiol (IV) in DMA to yield the 2-aminoethylsulfanyl derivative (V). The reaction of (V) with benzyl formimidate (VI) by means of DIEA in DMA affords the intermediate p-nitrobenzyl ester (VII), which is finally hydrogenated with H2 over Pd/C in water/isopropanol/N-methylmorpholine to provide the target Imipemide.

SYN 3

Tetrahedron Lett 1982,23(47),4903

The condensation of 7-oxo-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-(diphenoxyphosphate)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid p-nitrophenyl ester (I) with the bis(trimethylsilyl) derivative of 2-(iminomethylamino)ethanethiol (II) in the presence of base gives p-nitrophenyl ester of MK-0787, protected with a trimethylsilyl group (III), which is finally deprotected by hydrogenolysis.

CLIP

Synthesis Path

References

Further reading

• Clissold, SP; Todd, PA; Campoli-Richards, DM (1987). “Imipenem/cilastatin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy”. Drugs. 33(3): 183–241. doi:10.2165/00003495-198733030-00001. PMID 3552595.
• Buckley, MM; Brogden, RN; Barradell, LB; Goa, KL (1992). “Imipenem/cilastatin. A reappraisal of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy”. Drugs. 44 (3): 408–44. doi:10.2165/00003495-199244030-00008. PMID 1382937.

External links

• Imipenem bound to proteins in the PDB

Imipenem

Clinical data
Trade names	Primaxin
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
MedlinePlus	a686013
Pregnancy category	AU: B3 US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of administration	IM, IV
ATC code	J01DH51 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) CA: ℞-only UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding	20%
Metabolism	Renal
Elimination half-life	38 minutes (children), 60 minutes (adults)
Excretion	Urine (70%)
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	64221-86-9
PubChem CID	5282372
DrugBank	DB01598
ChemSpider	4445535
UNII	Q20IM7HE75
KEGG	D00206
ChEBI	CHEBI:51799
ChEMBL	ChEMBL43708
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2023143
ECHA InfoCard	100.058.831
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C12H17N3O4S
Molar mass	299.347 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] O=C(O)/C1=C(\SCC/N=C/N)C[C@H]2N1C(=O)[C@@H]2[C@H](O)C.O
InChI[hide] InChI=1S/C12H17N3O4S.H2O/c1-6(16)9-7-4-8(20-3-2-14-5-13)10(12(18)19)15(7)11(9)17;/h5-7,9,16H,2-4H2,1H3,(H2,13,14)(H,18,19);1H2/t6-,7-,9-;/m1./s1  Key:GSOSVVULSKVSLQ-JJVRHELESA-N

• • Synonyms:Imipemide
  • ATC:J01DH51

• MW:299.35 g/mol
• CAS-RN:64221-86-9
• InChI Key:ZSKVGTPCRGIANV-ZXFLCMHBSA-N
• InChI:InChI=1S/C12H17N3O4S/c1-6(16)9-7-4-8(20-3-2-14-5-13)10(12(18)19)15(7)11(9)17/h5-7,9,16H,2-4H2,1H3,(H2,13,14)(H,18,19)/t6-,7-,9-/m1/s1
• EINECS:264-734-5
• LD₅₀:1660 mg/kg (M, i.v.); >5 g/kg (M, p.o.);
  1972 mg/kg (R, i.v.); >5 g/kg (R, p.o.)

Derivatives, monohydrate

• Formula:C₁₂H₁₇N₃O₄S • H₂O
• MW:317.37 g/mol
• CAS-RN:74431-23-5

References

• • Leanza, W.J. et al.: J. Med. Chem. (JMCMAR) 22, 1435 (1979).

  • a Salzmann, T.L. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. (JACSAT) 102, 6161-6163 (1980).

  •  Reider, P.J.; Grabowski, E.J.J.: Tetrahedron Lett. (TELEAY) 23, 2293-2296 (1982).

  •  Grabowski, E.J.J.: Chirality (CHRLEP) 17, 249-259 (2005).

  • US 4 194 047 (Merck & Co.; 18.3.1980; prior. 21.11.1975).

  • DOS 2 652 679 (Merck & Co.; appl. 19.11.1976; USA-prior. 21.11.1975).

  • b US 5 998 612 (Merck & Co.; 7.12.1999; appl. 12.6.1992; prior. 23.10.1981).

  • c US 4 981 992 (Takasago; 27.1.1998; appl. 13.5.1996; J-prior. 11.5.1995).

  •  US 5 204 460 (Takasago; 20.4.1993; appl. 8.11.1991; J-prior. 8.11.1990).

  •  US 5 204 462 (Takasago; 20.4.1993; appl. 8.11.1991; J-prior. 8.11.1990).

  •  US 5 712 388 (Takasago; 27.1.1998; appl. 13.5.1996; J-prior. 11.5.1995).

  •  US 5 081 239 (Takasago; 14.1.1992; appl. 29.11.1989; J-prior. 29.11.1988).

• Acetoxylation of 2-azetidinones in 4-position:

  • Noyori, R. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. (JACSAT) 111, 9134-9135 (1989).

  • Noyori, R. et al.: Angew. Chem. (ANCEAD) 114, 2108-2123 (2002).

  • US 5 288 862 (Takasago; 22.2.1994; appl. 16.4.1992; J-prior. 18.4.1991).

  • US 5 606 052 (Takasago; 25.2.1997; appl. 16.4.1992; J-prior. 18.4.1991).

• Noyori-catalyst:

  • US 4 739 084 (Takasago; 19.4.1988; appl. 15.4.1987; J-prior. 13.5.1986).

• d process of Nippon Soda (Nisso):

  • US 5 026 844 (Suntory & Nippon Soda; 25.6.1991; appl. 13.10.1989; J-prior. 19.10.1988).

  • US 5 792 861 (Tanabe Seiyaku & Nippon Soda; 11.8.1998; appl. 29.6.1994, 4.11.1996; J-prior. 30.6.1993).

  • US 5 808 055 (Suntory & Nippon Soda; 15.9.1998; appl. 30.3.1993, 5.7.1995; J-prior. 30.3.1993).

  • e US 4 791 198 (Kanegafuchi; 13.12.1988; appl. 1.7.1985, 6.1.1987; J-prior. 5.7.1984, 14.1.1986).

  •  US 4 861 877 (Kanegafuchi; 29.8.1989; appl. 1.7.1985, 6.1.1987; J-prior. 5.7.1984, 14.1.1985, 14.1.1986).

  •  US 5 061 817 (Kanegafuchi; 29.10.1991; appl. 1.7.1985, 6.1.1987, 31.5.1988; J-prior. 5.7.1984, 14.1.1986).

  •  US 4 914 200 (Kanegafuchi; 3.4.1990; appl. 28.4.1987, 14.2.1989; J-prior. 30.4.1986, 13.11.1986, 9.2.1987).

• Enzymatic reduction of alkyl-2-(N-benzoylamino)methyl-3-oxobutyrates with bakers yeast:

  • US 5 463 047 (Ciba-Geigy; 31.10.1995; appl. 15.9.1994; CH-prior. 4.5.1987).

• Further synthesis processes of Merck & Co. for thienamycin:

  • Johnston, D.B.R. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. (JACSAT) 100, 313-315 (1978).

  • Mellilo, D.G. et al.: Tetrahedron Lett. (TELEAY) 21, 2783 (1980).

  • Melillo, D.G. et al.: J. Org. Chem. (JOCEAH) 51, 1498-1504 (1986).

  • Karady, S. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. (JACSAT) 103, 6765-6767 (1981).

  • US 4 269 772 (Merck & Co.; 26.5.1981; appl. 14.1.1980).

  • US 4 282 148 (Merck & Co.; 4.8.1981; appl. 14.1.1980).

  • US 4 287 123 (Merck & Co.; 1.9.1981; appl. 14.1.1980).

  • US 4 290 947 (Merck & Co.; 22.9.1981; appl. 29.5.1980).

  • US 4 360 684 (Merck & Co.; 23.11.1982; appl. 8.4.1981).

  • US 4 206 219 (Merck & Co.; 3.6.1980; appl. 24.10.1978).

  • US 4 348 320 (Merck & Co.; 7.9.1982; appl. 20.8.1980; USA-prior. 19.11.1976).

  • US 4 460 507 (Merck & Co.; 17.7.1984; appl. 29.4.1982; USA-prior. 10.10.1980).

  • US 5 055 573 (Merck & Co.; 8.10.1991, appl. 24.8.1990; USA-prior. 19.11.1976).

  • US 5 037 974 (Merck & Co.; 6.8.1991; appl. 14.8.1990; prior. 23.5.1988, 10.4.1990).

• Review of thienamycin syntheses:

  • Nicolaou, K.C.; Sorensen, E.J.: Classics in Total Synthesis, VCH 1996, Weinheim & New York, chapter 16, p. 249-263.

  • Berks, A.H.: Tetrahedron (TETRAB) 52, 331-375 (1996).

• Alternative 2-azetidinone ring closure with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate:

  • US 4 350 631 (Merck & Co.; 21.9.1982; appl. 18.3.1981; prior. 18.12.1980).

• Thienamycin (by fermentation of S. cattleya):

  • US 3 950 357 (Merck & Co.; 13.4.1976; appl. 25.11.1974).

  • DOS 2 552 638 (Merck & Co.; appl. 24.11.1975; USA-prior. 25.11.1974).

• Combination with cilastatin:

  • EP 48 301 (Merck & Co.; appl. 24.9.1980).

/////////////Imipenem, イミペネム水和物  , MK-787,

Novobiocin

ノボビオシン;

• Molecular FormulaC₃₁H₃₆N₂O₁₁
• Average mass612.624 Da

Reata Pharmaceuticals Inc

Abgentis is investigating a novobiocin analog, GYR-12 (discovery), as a re-engineered, previously-marketed-but-uncompetitive (undisclosed) antibacterial compound inhibiting ATPase activity of DNA supercoiling GyrB/ParE, for the potential broad-spectrum treatment of bacterial infections, including multi-drug resistant Gram-negative infections. In April 2017, development was underway [1924695].

Novobiocin, also known as albamycin or cathomycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S. spheroides^[1] a member of the order Actinobacteria. Other aminocoumarin antibiotics include clorobiocin and coumermycin A1.^[2] Novobiocin was first reported in the mid-1950s (then called streptonivicin).^[3][4]

Novobiocin was licensed for clinical use under the tradename Albamycin (Pharmacia And Upjohn) in the 1960s. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical trials.^[5][6] The oral form of the drug has since been withdrawn from the market due to lack of efficacy.^[7] Novobiocin is an effective antistaphylococcal agent used in the treatment of MRSA.^[8]

Mechanism of action

The molecular basis of action of novobiocin, and other related drugs clorobiocin and coumermycin A1 has been examined.^{[2][9][10][11][12]} Aminocoumarins are very potent inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase and work by targeting the GyrB subunit of the enzyme involved in energy transduction. Novobiocin as well as the other aminocoumarin antibiotics act as competitive inhibitors of the ATPase reaction catalysed by GyrB. The potency of novobiocin is considerably higher than that of the fluoroquinolones that also target DNA gyrase, but at a different site on the enzyme. The GyrA subunit is involved in the DNA nicking and ligation activity.

Novobiocin has been shown to weakly inhibit the C-terminus of the eukaryotic Hsp90 protein (high micromolar IC50). Modification of the novobiocin scaffold has led to more selective Hsp90 inhibitors.^[13] Novobiocin has also been shown to bind and activate the Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide transporter LptBFGC.^[14][15]

Structure

Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin. Novobiocin may be divided up into three entities; a benzoic acid derivative, a coumarin residue, and the sugar novobiose.^[9] X-ray crystallographic studies have found that the drug-receptor complex of Novobiocin and DNA Gyrase shows that ATP and Novobiocin have overlapping binding sites on the gyrase molecule.^[16] The overlap of the coumarin and ATP-binding sites is consistent with aminocoumarins being competitive inhibitors of the ATPase activity.^[17]

Structure–activity relationship

In structure activity relationship experiments it was found that removal of the carbamoyl group located on the novobiose sugar lead to a dramatic decrease in inhibitory activity of novobiocin.^[17]

Biosynthesis

This aminocoumarin antibiotic consists of three major substituents. The 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid moiety, known as ring A, is derived from prephenate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. The aminocoumarin moiety, known as ring B, is derived from L-tyrosine. The final component of novobiocin is the sugar derivative L-noviose, known as ring C, which is derived from glucose-1-phosphate. The biosynthetic gene cluster for novobiocin was identified by Heide and coworkers in 1999 (published 2000) from Streptomyces spheroidesNCIB 11891.^[18] They identified 23 putative open reading frames (ORFs) and more than 11 other ORFs that may play a role in novobiocin biosynthesis.

The biosynthesis of ring A (see Fig. 1) begins with prephenate which is a derived from the shikimic acid biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme NovF catalyzes the decarboxylation of prephenate while simultaneously reducing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺) to produce NADPH. Following this NovQ catalyzes the electrophilic substitution of the phenyl ring with dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) otherwise known as prenylation.^[19] DMAPP can come from either the mevalonic acid pathway or the deoxyxylulose biosynthetic pathway. Next the 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxybenzoate molecule is subjected to two oxidative decarboxylations by NovR and molecular oxygen.^[20] NovR is a non-heme iron oxygenase with a unique bifunctional catalysis. In the first stage both oxygens are incorporated from the molecular oxygen while in the second step only one is incorporated as determined by isotope labeling studies. This completes the formation of ring A.

The biosynthesis of ring B (see Fig. 2) begins with the natural amino acid L-tyrosine. This is then adenylated and thioesterified onto the peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) of NovH by ATPand NovH itself.^[21] NovI then further modifies this PCP bound molecule by oxidizing the β-position using NADPH and molecular oxygen. NovJ and NovK form a heterodimer of J2K2 which is the active form of this benzylic oxygenase.^[22] This process uses NADP⁺ as a hydride acceptor in the oxidation of the β-alcohol. This ketone will prefer to exist in its enol tautomer in solution. Next a still unidentified protein catalyzes the selective oxidation of the benzene (as shown in Fig. 2). Upon oxidation this intermediate will spontaneously lactonize to form the aromatic ring B and lose NovH in the process.

The biosynthesis of L-noviose (ring C) is shown in Fig. 3. This process starts from glucose-1-phosphate where NovV takes dTTP and replaces the phosphate group with a dTDP group. NovT then oxidizes the 4-hydroxy group using NAD⁺. NovT also accomplishes a dehydroxylation of the 6 position of the sugar. NovW then epimerizes the 3 position of the sugar.^[23] The methylation of the 5 position is accomplished by NovU and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Finally NovS reduces the 4 position again to achieve epimerization of that position from the starting glucose-1-phosphate using NADH.

Rings A, B, and C are coupled together and modified to give the finished novobiocin molecule. Rings A and B are coupled together by the enzyme NovL using ATP to diphosphorylate the carboxylate group of ring A so that the carbonyl can be attacked by the amine group on ring B. The resulting compound is methylated by NovO and SAM prior to glycosylation.^[24] NovM adds ring C (L-noviose) to the hydroxyl group derived from tyrosine with the loss of dTDP. Another methylation is accomplished by NovP and SAM at the 4 position of the L-noviose sugar.^[25] This methylation allows NovN to carbamylate the 3 position of the sugar as shown in Fig. 4 completing the biosynthesis of novobiocin.

Figure 4. Completed biosynthesis of novobiocin from ring systems A, B, and C.

CLIP

CLIP

CLIP

CLIP

PATENT

US-20190241599

Novel co-crystal forms of novobiocin and its analogs and proline, processes for their preparation and compositions comprising them are claimed. Also claims are methods for inhibiting heat shock protein 90 and treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders, such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

References

External links

• Novobiocin bound to proteins in the PDB

Novobiocin

Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Routes of administration	intravenous
ATCvet code	QJ01XX95 (WHO)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	negligible oral bioavailability
Metabolism	excreted unchanged
Elimination half-life	6 hours
Excretion	renal
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	303-81-1
PubChem CID	9346
DrugBank	DB01051
ChemSpider	10226117
UNII	17EC19951N
KEGG	C05080
ChEMBL	ChEMBL36506
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)	DTXSID3041083
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.589
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C31H36N2O11
Molar mass	612.624 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES[hide] CC(C)=CCc1c(O)ccc(c1)C(=O)NC=2C(=O)Oc3c(C2O)ccc(c3C)O[C@@H]4OC(C)(C)[C@H](OC)[C@H]([C@H]4O)OC(=O)N
InChI[hide] InChI=1S/C31H36N2O11/c1-14(2)7-8-16-13-17(9-11-19(16)34)27(37)33-21-22(35)18-10-12-20(15(3)24(18)42-28(21)38)41-29-23(36)25(43-30(32)39)26(40-6)31(4,5)44-29/h7,9-13,23,25-26,29,34-36H,8H2,1-6H3,(H2,32,39)(H,33,37)/t23-,25+,26-,29-/m1/s1  Key:YJQPYGGHQPGBLI-KGSXXDOSSA-N

4309-70-0  CAS

calcium;7-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-4-carbamoyloxy-3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[[4-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzoyl]amino]-8-methyl-2-oxochromen-4-olate

///////// Novobiocin, ノボビオシン  , Antibacterial, Antimicrobial,  crystallinic acid, streptonivicin,

History

Novobiocin is a coumarin antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus and other Streptomyces species. Novobiocin is useful primarily in infections involving staphylococci, and other gram-positive organisms. It acts by inhibiting the initiation of DNA replication in bacterial and mammanlian cells. Evidences indicated that Novobiocin blocks prokaryotic DNA gyrase and eukaryotic II topoisomerase, enzymes that relax super-coiled DNA and are crucial for DNA replication.¹

Novobiocin

Biosynthesis

The substituted coumarin (ring B, red) and the 4-OH benzoyl moiety (ring A, aqua) in novobiocin were derived from -Tyr based on earlier labeling studies. β-OH-Tyr is proposed to be a common intermediate in these two biosynthetic pathways.²

NovH is a -Tyr specific didomain NRPS that generates the -tyrosyl-S-NovH intermediate. NovH, isolated from E. coli is primed by a PPTase with CoA. The A domain activates -Tyr as -tyrosyl-AMP and then transfers the -tyrosyl group to the HS-pant-PCP domain of NovH through thioester formation.³

-tyrosyl-S-NovH is then function as a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that hydroxylates the β-carbon of the tethered -tyrosyl group on NovH. While the substrate -tyrosyl-S-NovH provides two electrons for a single round of the hydroxylation reaction, the other two electrons needed to reduce the oxygen atom are provided by NADPH via two-electron transfer effected by electron transfer proteins ferrodoxin (Fd) and ferrodoxin reductase (Fd Red).³ The electron transfer route is from NADPH→FAD in Fd Red→Fe–S center in Fd→Heme in NovI→oxygen.

Both NovJ and NovK are similar to 3-keto-ACP reductase and they may form a heterodimer and operate in the reverse direction to oxidize 3-OH to 3-keto. NovO is similar to some quinone C-methyltransferases ³ but the timing of methylation is not clear. NovC resembles flavin-dependent monooxygenases (35 and 32% similarity to dimethylaniline and cyclohexanone monooxygenases, respectively) ³ and is proposed to hydroxylate the ortho position of the phenyl ring. The nucleophilic attack of the ortho hydroxyl group on the thioester carbonyl center would release the coumarin ring and regenerate NovH. Ring B is then synthesized.

Synthesis

Mechanism of action

E.Coli DNA gyrase utilizes ATP to catalyze the negative supercoiling, or under-twisting, of duplex DNA. The energy coupling components of the supercoiling reaction includes 1) the DNA-dependent hydrolysis that converts ATP to ADP and Pi, and 2) the gyrase cleavage reaction that targets the specified DNA site. The two activities are induced by treating the stable gyrase-DNA complex trapped by the inihibitor oxolinic acid with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS or Sulphate). ⁴ Novobiocin competes with ATP in the ATPase and supercoiling assays, hence Novobiocin prevents the ATP from shifting the primary cleavage site on ColE1 DNA by places the site of action of the antibiotics at a reaction step prior to ATP hydrolysis and blocks the binding of ATP. ⁴ Such a simple mechanism of action represents for all effects of the drugs on DNA gyrase.

Clinical Use

Due to factors as low solubility, poor pharmacokinetics, and limited activity agasinst Gram-negative bacteria, the clinical usage of Novobiocin is not achieved. ⁵ Therefore, it is of interest to study the novobiocin biosynthetic pathway in order to generate analogs with enhanced solubility and pharmacokinetic properties while maintaining the gyrase inhibitory properties.

References

^{2 M. Steffensky, S.M. Li and L. Heide, “Cloning, overexpression, and purification of novobiocic acid synthetase from Streptomyces spheroides ” NCIB 11891. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000), pp. 21754–21760.}

^{3 Huawei Chen and Christopher T. Walsh, “Coumarin formation in novobiocin biosynthesis: β-hydroxylation of the aminoacyl enzyme tyrosyl-S-NovH by a cytochrome P450 NovI” Chemistry and Biology; 2001; 8: 301-312}

Labetalol

ラベタロール;

• Molecular FormulaC₁₉H₂₄N₂O₃
• Average mass328.405 Da

Labetalol hydrochloride, AH-5158A, Sch-15719W, Amipress, Trandate, Normodyne

Labetalol was granted FDA approval on 1 August 1984

Presolol; (RS)-2-Hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl}benzamide; 5-[1-Hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenyl propyl)amino]ethyl]salicylamide

A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.

Labetalol[Wiki]

labetolol

[32780-64-6]

[36894-69-6]

2948416[Beilstein]

2-Hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino)ethyl)benzamide

• AH 5158
• Albetol
• EC 253-258-3
• EINECS 253-258-3
• HSDB 6537
• Ibidomide
• Labetalol
• Labetalolum
• Labetalolum [INN-Latin]
• Labetolol
• SCH 15719W
• UNII-R5H8897N95

Labetalol hydrochloride

• CAS Number 32780-64-6,
• Empirical Formula (Hill Notation) C₁₉H₂₄N₂O₃ · HCl,
• Molecular Weight 364.87

REF https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/anda/98/74787_Labetalol%20Hydrochloride_Chemr.pdf

RR

CAS 75659-07-3

• (R,R)-Labetalol
• Dilevalol
• Dilevalolum
• Dilevalolum [Latin]
• UNII-P6629XE33T

Labetalol is a racemic mixture of 2 diastereoisomers where dilevalol, the R,R’ stereoisomer, makes up 25% of the mixture.⁸ Labetalol is formulated as an injection or tablets to treat hypertension

Labetalol is a medication used to treat high blood pressure and in long term management of angina.^[1][2] This includes essential hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, and hypertension of pregnancy.^[2] In essential hypertension it is generally less preferred than a number of other blood pressure medications.^[1] It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein.^[1]

Common side effects include low blood pressure with standing, dizziness, feeling tired, and nausea.^[1] Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, heart failure, and bronchospasm.^[1] Use appears safe in the latter part of pregnancy and it is not expected to cause problems during breastfeeding.^[2][3] It works by blocking the activation of β-receptors and α-receptors.^[1]

Labetalol was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1977.^[4] It is available as a generic medication.^[2] A month supply in the United Kingdom costs the NHS about 8 £ as of 2019.^[2] In the United States the wholesale cost of this amount is about US$12.^[5] In 2016 it was the 233rd most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 2

Medical uses

Labetalol is effective in the management of hypertensive emergencies, postoperative hypertension, pheochromocytoma-associated hypertension, and rebound hypertension from beta blocker withdrawal. ^[7]

It has a particular indication in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension which is commonly associated with pre-eclampsia. ^[8]

It is also used as an alternative in the treatment of severe hypertension.^[7]

Special populations

Pregnancy: studies in lab animals showed no harm to the baby. However, a comparable well-controlled study has not been performed in pregnant women.^[9]

Nursing: breast milk has been shown to contain small amounts of labetalol (0.004% original dose). Prescribers should be cautious in the use of labetalol for nursing mothers.^[9]

Pediatric: no studies have established safety or usefulness in this population.^[9]

Geriatric: the elderly are more likely to experience dizziness when taking labetalol. Labetalol should be dosed with caution in the elderly and counseled on this side effect.^[9]

Side effects

Common

• Neurologic: headache (2%), dizziness (11%) ^[9]
• Gastrointestinal: nausea (6%), dyspepsia (3%) ^[9]
• Cholinergic: nasal congestion (3%), ejaculation failure (2%) ^[9]
• Respiratory: dyspnea (2%) ^[9]
• Other: fatigue (5%), vertigo (2%), orthostatic hypotension ^[9]

Low blood pressure with standing is more severe and more common with IV formulation (58% vs 1%^[9]) and is often the reason larger doses of the oral formulation cannot be used.^[10]

Rare

• Fever ^[9]
• Muscle cramps ^[9]
• Dry eyes ^[9]
• Heart block ^[9]
• Hyperkalemia ^[9]
• Hepatotoxicity ^[9]
• Drug eruption similar to lichen planus^[11]
• Hypersensitivity – which may result in a lethal respiratory distress^[9]

Contraindications

Labetalol is contraindicated in people with overt cardiac failure, greater-than-first-degree heart block, severe bradycardia, cardiogenic shock, severe hypotension, anyone with a history of obstructive airway disease including asthma, and those with hypersensitivity to the drug.^[12]

Chemistry

The minimum requirement for adrenergic agents is a primary or secondary amine separated from a substituted benzene ring by one or two carbons.^[13] This configuration results in strong agonist activity. As the size of the substituent attached to the amine becomes greater, particularly with respect to a t-butyl group, then the molecule typically is found to have receptor affinity without intrinsic activity, and is, therefore, an antagonist.^[13] Labetalol, with its 1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl substituted amine, is greater in size relative to a t-butyl group and therefore acts predominantly as an antagonist. The overall structure of labetalol is very polar. This was created by substituting the isopropyl group in the standard beta-blocker structure with an aralkyl group, including a carboxamide group on the meta position, and by adding a hydroxyl group on the para position.^[14]

Labetalol has two chiral carbons and consequently exists as four stereoisomers.^[15] Two of these isomers, the (S,S)- and (R,S)- forms are inactive. The third, the (S,R)-isomer, is a powerful α₁ blocker. The fourth isomer, the (R,R)-isomer which is also known as dilevalol, is a mixed nonselective β blocker and selective α₁ blocker.^[14] Labetalol is typically given as a racemic mixture to achieve both alpha and beta receptor blocking activity.^[16]

Stereoisomers of labetalol
(R,R)-Labetalol CAS number: 75659-07-3	(S,S)-Labetalol CAS number: 83167-24-2
(R,S)-Labetalol CAS number: 83167-32-2	(S,R)-Labetalol CAS number: 83167-31-1

Labetalol acts by blocking alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, resulting in decreased peripheral vascular resistance without significant alteration of heart rate or cardiac output.

The β:α antagonism of labetalol is approximately 3:1.^[17][18]

It is chemically designated in International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature as 2-hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl]benzamide monohydrochloride.^[16][19]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Labetalol’s dual alpha and beta adrenergic antagonism has different physiological effects in short- and long-term situations. In short-term, acute situations, labetalol decreases blood pressure by decreasing systemic vascular resistance with little effect on stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output.^[20] During long-term use, labetalol can reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by an increase in stroke volume.^[21]

Labetalol is a dual alpha (α1) and beta (β1/β2) adrenergic receptor blocker and competes with other Catecholamines for binding to these sites.^[22] Its action on these receptors are potent and reversible.^[12] Labetalol is highly selective for postsynaptic alpha1- adrenergic, and non-selective for beta-adrenergic receptors. It is about equipotent in blocking both beta1- and beta2- receptors.^[14]

The amount of alpha to beta blockade depends on whether labetalol is administered orally or intravenously (IV). Orally, the ratio of alpha to β blockade is 1:3. Intravenously, alpha to β blockade ratio is 1:7.^[14][12] Thus, the labetalol can be thought to be a beta-blocker with some alpha-blocking effects.^[12][22][23] By comparison, labetalol is a weaker β-blocker than propranolol, and has a weaker affinity for alpha-receptors compared to Phentolamine.^[14][22]

Labetalol possesses intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.^[23] In particular, it is a partial agonist at beta2- receptors located in the vascular smooth muscle. Labetalol relaxes vascular smooth muscle by a combination of this partial beta2- agonism and through alpha1- blockade.^[23][24] Overall, this vasodilatory effect can decrease blood pressure.^[25]

Similar to local anesthetics and sodium channel blocking antiarrhythmics, labetalol also has membrane stabilizing activity.^[23][26] By decreasing sodium entry, labetalol decreases action potential firing and thus has local anesthetic activity.^[27]

Physiological action

The physiological effects of labetalol when administered acutely (intravenously) are not predictable solely by their receptor blocking effect, i.e. blocking beta1- receptors should decrease heart rate, but labetalol does not. When labetalol is given in acute situations, it decreases the peripheral vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure while having little effect on the heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume, despite its alpha1-, beta1- and beta2- blocking mechanism.^[20][21] These effects are mainly seen when the person is in the upright position.^[25]

Long term labetalol use also has different effects from other beta-blocking drugs. Other beta-blockers, such as propranolol, persistently reduce cardiac output during exercise. The peripheral vascular resistance decreases when labetalol is first administered. Continuous labetalol use further decreases peripheral vascular resistance. However, during exercise, cardiac output remains the same due to a compensatory mechanism that increases stroke volume. Thus, labetalol is able to reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by the increase in stroke volume.^[21]

Pharmacokinetics

Labetalol, in animal models, was found to cross the blood-brain-barrier in only negligible amounts.^[28]

History

Labetalol was the first drug created that combined both alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptor blocking properties. It was created to potentially fix the compensatory reflex issue that occurred when blocking a single receptor subtype, i.e. vasoconstriction after blocking beta-receptors or tachycardia after blocking alpha receptors. Because the reflex from blocking the single receptor subtypes acted to prevent the lowering of blood pressure, it was postulated that weak blocking of both alpha- and beta- receptors could work together to decrease blood pressure.^[14][21]

Syn 1

Drugs Fut 1976,1(3),125

DE 1643224; FR 1557677; FR 8010M; GB 1200886; US 3642896; US 3644353; US 3705233

Condensation of 5-bromoacetylsalicylamide (I) with N-benzyl-N-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amine (II) in refluxing butanone to 5-(N-benzyl-N-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl) glycyl)salicylamide hydrochloride (III), m.p. 139-141 C, which is reduced with H2 over Pt-Pd/C in ethanol.

SYN 2

Reductocondensation of 5-(N,N-dibenzylglycyl)salicylamide (IV) and benzylace-tone (V) with H2 over Pd-Pt/C in methanol – acetic acid.

SYN 3

Reaction of methyl 5-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)salicylate hydrochloride (VI) with NH3 to 5-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)salicylamide hydrochloride (VII), m.p. >360 C, which is finally condensed with benzylacetone (V) and reduced with H2 over Pd-Pt/C in methanol.

SYN 4

SYN 5

2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino)ethyl)-, monohydrochloride, could be produced through many synthetic methods.

Following is one of the synthesis routes: 5-Bromoacetylsalicylamide (I) with N-benzyl-N-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amine (II) is condensed in the presence of refluxing butanone to produce 5-(N-benzyl-N-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl) glycyl)salicylamide hydrochloride (III), m.p. 139-141 C, and next the yielding compound is reduced with H₂ over Pt-Pd/C in ethanol.

SYN 6

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017098520A1/en

aration of Labetaiol Hydrochloride of

Scheme -I illustrates the process for preparation of Labetaiol Hydrochloride of formula (I).

30% NaOH

Step – Sodium borohydride

Pure Labetaiol Hydrochloride (I)

aration of Labetaiol Hydrochloride of

Scheme -I illustrates the process for preparation of Labetaiol Hydrochloride of formula (I).

30% NaOH

Step – Sodium borohydride

Pure Labetaiol Hydrochloride (I)

SYN

https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0009702A1/en

• The substance labetalol is known from British patent specification 1,266,058 and U.S.P. 4,012,444. Its pharmacological properties are discussed by Farmer et. al. in British Journal of Pharmacology, 45: 660-675 (1972), who designate it AH5158; it is shown to block a- and β-adrenergic receptors, suggesting that it would be useful in the treatment of arrhythmia, hypertension and angina pectoris.
• [0003]
  The unique pharmacological properties of labetalol and its use as an antihypertensive agent are said to be largely a function of the exquisite balance of its a- and a-blocking activities. The file history of U.S.P. 4,012,444 indeed indicates that slight changes in the chemical structure of labetalol deleteriously affect this balance, and, even in the few analogous compounds where the balance is retained, the absolute potencies of these compounds are shown to be too low for them to be useful antihypertensive agents. Therefore, in the treatment of hypertension, labetalol is the compound of choice among those disclosed in British patent specification 1,266,058 and U.S.P. 4,012,444.
• [0004]
  Labetalol has two asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms and therefore can exist as two diastereoisomers and four optical isomers. Indeed, British patent specification 1,266,058 and U.S.P. 4,012,444 disclose that compounds such as labetalol have optically active forms, but give no example of an optically active form. These patent specifications .teach that “the racemic mixtures may be resolved by conventional methods, for example by salt formation with an optically active acid, followed by fractional crystallization”, but give no method of resolution. Example 14 of each specifi_– cation does indeed describe the separation of labetalol into two diastereoisomers “1” and “2”, using benzoic acid, but this is not an optical resolution. In British patent specifications 1,541,932 and 1,541,933, “isomer 1” is designated “diastereoisomer A” and is characterised as that diastereoisomer whose hydrochloride salt has the higher melting point. These two British patent specifications also disclose that diastereoisomer A is a valuable antiarrhythmic agent since it has strongly reduced β-adrenergic blocking activity and is therefore useful in the treatment of people who have suffered myocardial infarction.
• [0005]
  We have now discovered that diastereoisomer A is composed of the (S,R) and (R,S) optical isomers of labetalol, whereas diastereoisomer B is composed of the (S,S) and (R,R) optical isomers. We have also-surprisingly found that the novel (R,R) optical isomer of labetalol exhibits, in comparison with labetalol itself, both an unexpectedly high increase in β-adrenergic blocking potency and a decrease in a-adrenergic blocking potency. Thus, when the (R,R) optical isomer is compared with labetalol, the ratio of the β-adrenergic blocking potency to the a-adrenergic blocking potency is found to be greatly and unexpectedly increased. In particular, animal tests have indicated that the (R,R) optical isomer has about twelve times the β-blocking potency of labetalol, but only about one third of the a-blocking potency of labetalol. These. properties could in no way have been predicted theoretically, especially as the β-blocking potency of diastereoisomer B is not significantly different from that of labetalol and the a-blocking potency of diastereoisomer B is half that of labetalol. Indeed, it is clear, when the activities of the four optical isomers of labetalol are compared, that the activities of the diastereoisomers A and B and indeed of labetalol itself cannot be calculated from the activities of their components. One can put this the other way around by saying that the α-and β-blocking activities of the four optical isomers of labetalol do not merely average to give the a- and β-blocking activites of labetalol and of its diastereoisomers A and B. Some of the activities are much greater than could ever have been expected on a simple basis of mathematical proportions, in particular the high β-blocking activity of the (R,R) optical isomer: this activity is much higher than the β-blocking activity of diastereoisomer B so that antagonism evidently exists between the (S,S) and (R,R) optical isomers with respect to the β-blocking activity. This degree of antagonism could in no way have been foreseen. In the absence of this antagonism, the (R,R) optical isomer shows a balance of properties that make it the optical isomer of choice in the treatment of hypertension. In particular, the (R,R) optical isomer possesses potent antihypertensive activity and rapid onset of activity while substantially lacking the undesirable side-effects usually associated with a-blockade, e.g. postural hypotension.

• The following Table shows the relationships between labetalol, its diastereoisomersA and B and the four pure optical isomers; below each compound are given its potencies as an a-blocking and then as a β-blocking agent, all relative to the values for labetalol (assigned values 1.0 for each blocking activity):

  This table clearly shows the unexpectedly high β-blocking activity and ratio of β-:α-blocking activities possessed by the (R,R)-optical isomer. Additionally, the (R,R)–optical isomer has been found to possess greater direct peripheral vasodilation activity than labetalol, and this also contributes to its anti-hypertensive activity. Moreover, the (R,R)-optical isomer is substantially non-toxic at therapeutic doses.

• [0007]
  According to the invention therefore we provide the (R,R)-optical isomer of labetalol, namely 5- {(R)–1-hydroxy-2-[(R)-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl)amino]ethyl} salicylamide, which can be characterised by means of its hydrochloride salt which is dimorphic with m.pts. of about 133-134°C. and about 192-193.5°C. and an [α]_D ²⁶ of about -30.6° (conc. 1 mg./ml., ethanol), said (R,R) optical isomer being substantially free of the corresponding (R,S), (S,R) and (S,S) optical isomers

reaction scheme:

Dilevalol

Synonyms:(R,R)-Labetalol

ATC:C02CB

Labetalol

Clinical data
Pronunciation	/ləˈbɛtəlɔːl/
Trade names	Normodyne, Trandate, others
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a685034
Pregnancy category	C One of few drugs used for PIH
Routes of administration	By mouth, intravenous
ATC code	C07AG01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	25%
Protein binding	50%
Metabolism	Liver pass metabolism,
Elimination half-life	Tablet: 6-8 hours; IV: 5.5 hours
Excretion	Excreted in urine, not removed by hemodialysis
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	36894-69-6
PubChem CID	3869
IUPHAR/BPS	7207
DrugBank	DB00598
ChemSpider	3734
UNII	R5H8897N95
KEGG	D08106
ChEBI	CHEBI:6343
ChEMBL	ChEMBL429
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2023191
ECHA InfoCard	100.048.401
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C19H24N2O3
Molar mass	328.412 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Chirality	Racemic mixture
SMILES[hide] O=C(c1cc(ccc1O)C(O)CNC(C)CCc2ccccc2)N
InChI[hide] InChI=1S/C19H24N2O3/c1-13(7-8-14-5-3-2-4-6-14)21-12-18(23)15-9-10-17(22)16(11-15)19(20)24/h2-6,9-11,13,18,21-23H,7-8,12H2,1H3,(H2,20,24)  Key:SGUAFYQXFOLMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} “Labetalol Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals”. Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
2. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 147–148. ISBN 9780857113382.
3. ^ “Labetalol Use During Pregnancy”. Drugs.com. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
4. ^ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 463. ISBN 9783527607495.
5. ^ “NADAC as of 2019-02-27”. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
6. ^ “The Top 300 of 2019”. clincalc.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
7. ^ Jump up to:^a b Koda-Kimble, Mary A.; Alldredge, Brian K. (2013). “21”. Koda-Kimble and Young’s Applied Therapeutic: The Clinical Use of Drugs. Philadelphia: Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60913-713-7.
8. ^ Arulkumaran, N; Lightstone, L (December 2013). “Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises”. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 27 (6): 877–84. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003. PMID 23962474.
9. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} “Trandate” (PDF). Prometheus Laboratories Inc. November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
10. ^ “Labetalol hydrochloride” (PDF). Hospira. May 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
11. ^ Shiohara T, Kano Y (2007). “Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses”. In Bolognia JL (ed.). Dermatology. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
12. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d “Labetalol [package insert]. Spring Valley, NY: Par Pharmaceutical; 2011” (PDF). Retrieved 2015-11-03.
13. ^ Jump up to:^a b Medicinal Chemistry of Adrenergics and Cholinergics
14. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} Louis, W.J.; McNeill, JJ; Drummer, OH (1988). Doyle, AE (ed.). Labetalol and other vasodilator/Beta-blocking drugs. IN: Handbook of Hypertension. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sciences Publishing Co. pp. 246–273. ISBN 978-0-444-90469-0.
15. ^ Riva E, Mennini T, Latini R (December 1991). “The alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking activities of labetalol and its RR-SR (50:50) stereoisomers”. Br. J. Pharmacol. 104 (4): 823–8. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12513.x. PMC 1908821. PMID 1687367.
16. ^ Jump up to:^a b Robertson D, Biaggioni, I. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs. In: Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ, eds. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 12th ed. San Francisco, CA: McGraw Hill Lange Medical; 2012: 151-168. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8.
17. ^ Katzung, Bertram G. (2006). Basic and clinical pharmacology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-07-145153-6.
18. ^ D A Richards; J Tuckman; B N Prichard (October 1976). “Assessment of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions of labetalol”. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 3 (5): 849–855. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00637.x. PMC 1428931. PMID 9968.
19. ^ “labetalol | C19H24N2O3 – PubChem”. pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
20. ^ Jump up to:^a b MacCarthy, E. P.; Bloomfield, S. S. (1983-08-01). “Labetalol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects”. Pharmacotherapy. 3(4): 193–219. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03252.x. ISSN 0277-0008. PMID 6310529.
21. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Louis, W. J.; McNeil, J. J.; Drummer, O. H. (1984-01-01). “Pharmacology of combined alpha-beta-blockade. I”. Drugs. 28 Suppl 2: 16–34. doi:10.2165/00003495-198400282-00003. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 6151889.
22. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Robertson, D; Biaggioni, I (2012). Katzung, BG (ed.). Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs IN: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (12 ed.). San Francisco: McGraw Hill Lange Medical. pp. 151–168. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8.
23. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Westfall, David P (2004). Craig, Charles R (ed.). Adrenoreceptor Antagonists IN: Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 109–117. ISBN 978-0781737623.
24. ^ Lund-Johansen, P. (1988-01-01). “Hemodynamic effects of beta-blocking compounds possessing vasodilating activity: a review of labetalol, prizidilol, and dilevalol”. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 11 Suppl 2: S12–17. doi:10.1097/00005344-198800000-00004. ISSN 0160-2446. PMID 2464093.
25. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lund-Johansen, P. (1984-01-01). “Pharmacology of combined alpha-beta-blockade. II. Haemodynamic effects of labetalol”. Drugs. 28 Suppl 2: 35–50. doi:10.2165/00003495-198400282-00004. ISSN 0012-6667. PMID 6151890.
26. ^ Mottram, Allan R.; Erickson, Timothy B. (2009). Field, John (ed.). Toxicology in Emergency Cardiovascular Care IN: The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins. pp. 443–452. ISBN 978-0-7817-8899-1.
27. ^ Exam Zone (1 January 2009). Elsevier Comprehensive Guide. Elsevier India. pp. 449–. ISBN 978-81-312-1620-0.
28. ^ Detlev Ganten; Patrick J. Mulrow (6 December 2012). Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Therapeutics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-3-642-74209-5.

External links

• Drug information by the NIH

Dicycloplatin

Platinum(2+) 1-carboxycyclobutanecarboxylate ammoniate (1:2:2)

• Molecular FormulaC₁₂H₂₀N₂O₈Pt
• Average mass515.380 Da
• 287402-09-9

Has antineoplastic activity; a supramolecular complex of 1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylic acid and cis-diammine(1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate)platinum (II).

Dicycloplatin is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of cancers which includes the Non-small-cell lung carcinoma and prostate cancer.^[1]

Some side effects which are observed from the treatment by dicycloplatin are nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, fatigue, loss of appetite, liver enzyme elevation and alopecia. The drugs is a form of Platinum-based antineoplastic and it works by causing the mitochondrial dysfunction which leads to the cell death.^[2]

Dicycloplatin was developed in China and it was used for phase I human trial clinical in 2006. The drug was approved for chemotherapy by the Chinese FDA in 2012.^[3]

Medical uses

Dicycloplatin can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells via the induction of apoptosis . It is used to treat a number types of cancer which are Non-small-cell lung carcinoma and prostate cancer.^[4]

Side effects

Similar to cisplatin and carboplatin, dicycloplatin also contains some side effects, which are nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, fatigue, anorexia, liver enzyme elevation, and alopecia. However, with doses up to 350 mg/m(2), there is no significant toxicity; these effects are observed only at higher doses. Furthermore, the nephrotoxicity of dicycloplatin is reported to be less than that of cisplatin, and its myelosuppressive potency is similar to that of carboplatin.^[5]

Chemical structure

Dicycloplatin consists of carboplatin and cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid (CBDC) linked by the hydrogen bond. In the structure of dicycloplatin, there are two types of bond: O-H…O is the bond between the hydroxyl group of CBDC with carboxyl oxygen atom. It creates the one-dimensional polymer chain of carboplatin and CBDC. The second one is N-H…O which links between the ammoniagroup of carboplatin and oxygen of CBDC. It forms the two-dimensional polymer chain of carboplatin and CBDC. In aqueous solution, the 2D-hydrogen bonded polymeric structure of dicycloplatin is destroyed. Firstly, the bond between ammonia group of carboplatin and oxygen of CBDC breaks, thus inducing the formation of one-dimensional dicycloplatin. After that, the strong hydrogen bond breaks and creates an intermediate state of dicycloplatin. Finally, the rearrangement of different orientation of carboplatin and CBDC leads to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond and a supramolecule of dicycloplatin with two O-H…O and N-H…O is created.^[6]

Mechanism of action

Similar to carboplatin, dicycloplatin inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells by inducing cell apoptosis. When treated with dicycloplatin, some changes in the properties of Hep G2 cells are observed: the declination of Mitochondria Membrane Potential, the release of cytochrome c from mitocondria to cytosol, the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and the decrease of Bcl-2.^[4] Those phenomena indicate the role of mitochondrial in the apoptosis by intrisic way.^[7] Furthermore, the increase in caspase-8 activation is also observed. This can stimulate the apoptosis by activating downstream caspase-3 ^[8] or by cleaving Bid.^[9] As a result, the cleavage of Bid (tBid) transfers to the mitochondria and induce mitochondrial dysfunction which promotes the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol.^[10] From the dicycloplatin-treated Hep G2 cell, an excessive amount of reactive oxygen species was detected,^[4] which plays an important role in the release of cytochrome c. In the mitochondria, the release of hemoprotein happens through 2-step process: Firstly, the dissociation of cytochrome c from its binding to cardiolipin happens. Due to the reactive oxygen species, the cardiolipin is oxidized, thus reducing the cytochrome c binding and increase the concentration of free cytochrome c ^[11]

PATENT

WO2018171371

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018171371

CN106132408A discloses a process for the preparation of another bicyclic platinum in which carboplatin is mixed with a corresponding ratio of 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid and a solvent to form a suspension, and the precipitated solid formed is separated from the suspension. Although the report states that the obtained product does not contain XRPD detectable amount of carboplatin, the suspension method uses a small amount of solvent, so that the product formed during the reaction is also precipitated as a solid, which is mixed with the unreacted raw material solid. This prevents the reaction from proceeding and makes the purification of the product more difficult. Especially in the case where the product is coated with carboplatin, the carboplatin can hardly be removed by purification. Therefore, the suspension method has the disadvantages of difficulty in control, poor operability, and incapability of industrial scale-up production. In fact, bicycloplatinum with the reported yield and purity cannot be obtained according to this method as well.

Drawing

[ figure 1] 

[ figure 2] 

Preparation Example 1:

Take 20.0 g of cis-diiododiammine platinum (II), add 600 ml of purified water, stir well and heat to 80 ° C in water bath, then add 14.1 g of silver 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate, after reacting for 30 minutes. The AgI slag was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to a residue of about 50 ml, cooled to room temperature, and the precipitated product was filtered. After recrystallization, the mixture was dried at 60 ° C to obtain 11.26 g of carboplatin, and the yield was 69.88%.

Example 1

32.0 g (222.2 mmol) of 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid was taken, and 260 ml of water was added thereto, and the mixture was heated to 80 ° C in a water bath. Add 10.0 g (26.95 mmol) of carboplatin, stir for 40 minutes, cool at 10 ° C for 8 hours, filter the precipitated solid, wash the filter cake with appropriate amount of purified water, drain the washing water, and dry at 40 ° C under reduced pressure to obtain bicyclo platinum 9.32 g. The yield is 67.15% and the content is 99.78%. The obtained products were characterized by elemental analysis, negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance-hydrogen spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance-carbon spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The content of bicycloplatin was measured by high performance liquid chromatography.

PATENT

WO-2019161526

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2019161526&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P20-K0667C-67730-1

One-pot method for preparing twin dicarboxylic acid diamine complex platinum (II) derivatives ( dicycloplatin ) comprising the separation of intermediate carboplatin or carboplatin analogue.

Notes

Dicycloplatin

Chemical structure of Dicycloplatin
Clinical data
Trade names	Dicycloplatin
Synonyms	Platinum(2+) 1-carboxycyclobutanecarboxylate ammoniate (1:2:2), 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, compd. with (sp-4-2)-diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedi(carboxylato-kappaO)(2-))platinum (1:1)
Routes of administration	Intravenous
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	100% (IV)
Protein binding	< 88.7%
Elimination half-life	24.49 – 108.93 hours
Excretion	Renal
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
CAS Number	287402-09-9
ChemSpider	8476840
UNII	0KC57I4UNB
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C12H20N2O8Pt
Molar mass	515.382 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image coordination form: Interactive image
SMILES[hide] C1CC(C1)(C(=O)O)C(=O)O.C1CC(C1)(C(=O)[O-])C(=O)[O-].N.N.[Pt+2] coordination form: C0CCC0C4[C-]1O[H+]O[C-](O[H+][NH2+]2)C0(CCC0)[C-](O[H+][NH2+]3)O[H+]O[C-]4O[Pt-2]23O1
InChI[hide] InChI=InChI=1S/2C6H8O4.2H3N.Pt/c2*7-4(8)6(5(9)10)2-1-3-6;;;/h2*1-3H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);2*1H3;/q;;;;+2/p-2  Key:IIJQICKYWPGJDT-UHFFFAOYSA-L

/////////////Dicycloplatin

CANERTINIB

Canertinib (CI-1033) is an experimental drug candidate for the treatment of cancer. It is an irreversible tyrosine-kinase inhibitor with activity against EGFR (IC₅₀ 0.8 nM), HER-2 (IC₅₀ 19 nM) and ErbB-4 (IC₅₀ 7 nM).^[1][2] By 2015, Pfizer had discontinued development of the drug.^[3]

Canertinib has been reported as a substrate for OATP1B3. Interaction of canertinib with OATP1B3 may alter its hepatic disposition and can lead to transporter mediated drug-drug interactions.^[4] Also, canertinib is not an inhibitor of OATP-1B1 or OATP-1B3 transporter.^[5]

SYN

J Med Chem 2000,43(7),1380

4-Chloro-7-fluoro-6-nitroquinazoline (I) was condensed with 3-chloro-4-fluoroaniline (II) to afford the 4-anilino quinazoline (III). Displacement of the activated fluorine of (III) with the potassium alkoxide of morpholinopropanol (IV) gave the morpholinopropyl ether (V). Subsequent reduction of the nitro group of (V), either using iron dust and acetic acid or catalytic hydrogenation over Raney-Ni, furnished aminoquinazoline (VI). This was finally condensed with acrylic acid (VII), via activation as the mixed anhydride with isobutyl chloroformate or using EDC as the coupling reagent, to provide the title acrylamide.

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN103242244A/en

canertinib (Canertinib, I), chemical name 4- (3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino) -7- [3- (4_-morpholinyl) propoxy] -6-propylene quinazoline amide group, and by the US Pfizer Warner Lambert developed jointly an irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor (pan-ErbB) selective inhibitor, which is capable of binding to the cell surface of all members of the ErbB family adenosine triphosphate binding site, thereby inhibiting the activation of these receptors and their downstream mitogenic signal transduction pathways. Clinical studies show that the product has good resistance, can be effective in treating metastatic breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer and other tumors, and can be combined with a variety of antineoplastic agents exhibit a synergistic effect.

[0004]

[0005] China Patent No. CN1160338C, CN1438994A and No. No. CN1745073A reported the preparation of canertinib: A nucleus 4- [(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl) amino] -6-nitro 7-fluoro-quinazoline (VIII) as a starting material, under basic conditions with 3- (4-morpholinyl) -1-propanol 7-position substitution reaction occurs to give 4- [(3-chloro – 4-fluorophenyl) amino] -6-nitro-7- [3- (4-morpholinyl) -1-propoxy] quinazoline (IX); intermediate (IX) through the 6-position nitro reduction, to give the corresponding amino compound (X); amino compound (X) to give canertinib acylation reaction (I) with acrylic acid or acryloyl chloride occurs.

[0006] In addition, “Qilu Pharmaceutical Affairs” 30, 2011, Vol. 10, page 559, and “China Industrial Medicine” 2010 Volume 41, No. 6, pp. 404 also reported an improved method of the above-prepared and studied method from 7-fluoro-quinazolin-3-one (V) via nitration, chloro and condensation reaction of the preparation of intermediate (VIII) is.

[0007]

[0008] This shows that the current Kanai prepared for Nepal is mainly the 4-position through an intermediate (VII), respectively, a functional transformation of the 6-position and 7-position achieved. Since the intermediate (VII) a fluorine-containing compounds, materials are not readily available, many steps, and many steps are required to be isolated and purified by column chromatography, which is not required for industrialization.

Example a:

[0023] at room temperature, to a three-necked flask was added diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (3mL, 15mmol) and tetrahydrofuran 5mL, dropwise addition of triphenylphosphine (4.0g, 15mmol) in tetrahydrofuran 25mL solution at room temperature, kept at room temperature for 2 hours. Under nitrogen, 3- (4-morpholinyl) -1_-propanol (0.49g, 3.4mmol) in 5mL of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise to the reaction system after the dropwise addition is complete, 6-amino – 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-one (II) (0.53g,

3.0mmol), stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Solution of 3- (4-morpholinyl) -1-propanol (0.38g, 2.6mmol) in 5mL of tetrahydrofuran was continued at room temperature for 2 hours, the end of the reaction was monitored TLC. Recovery of the solvent by distillation under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, pH = 5-6, extracted with ethyl acetate, the organic phase was washed with saturated sodium carbonate adjusted pH = 10-11. The aqueous phase was freeze-dried in vacuo to give an off-white solid 6-amino-7- [3- (4-morpholinyl) propoxy] _3,4- dihydroquinazolin-4-one (111) 0.80g yield 87.7%.

[0024] Example II:

[0025] to a three-neck flask was added 6-amino-7- [3- (4_ morpholino) propoxy] quinazolin-dihydro _3,4_ one _4_

(III) (0.76g, 2.5mmol), triethylamine (0.25g, 2.5mmol) and dichloromethane 20mL, warmed to 40-45 ° C, stirred until homogeneous dissolution system. Dropped below 10 ° C, was slowly added dropwise acryloyl chloride (0.25g, 2.8mmol) in dichloromethane IOmL solution dropwise at room temperature after continued for 6 h, TLC detection reaction was completed. The reaction solution was respectively 10% sodium bicarbonate solution and water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Recovery of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give a white solid 7- [3- (4-morpholinyl) propoxy] -6-acrylamido-3,4-dihydro-quinazoline – 4-one (IV) 0.81g, 90.5% yield.

[0026] Example III:

Under [0027] nitrogen, to a three-necked flask was added 7- [3- (4_-morpholinyl) propoxy] -6-acrylamido-_3,4- dihydroquinazolin-4-one (IV ) (3.58g, IOmmol), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium iron hexafluorophosphate (BOP) (6.63g, 15mmol) and acetonitrile 100mL. Under stirring, a solution of 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] ^ a-7-ene (DBU) (2.28g, 15mmol), dropwise, at room temperature for 12 hours. Warmed to 60 ° C, the reaction was continued for 12 hours. The solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate was added to dissolve IOOmL, washed with 2M sodium hydroxide and 20mL. The organic phase was separated, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran IOOmL, 4-chloro-3-fluoroaniline (1.89g, 13mmol) and sodium hydride (0.32g, 13mmol), was heated to 50 ° C, reaction was stirred for 5 hours, the end of the reaction was monitored TLC. Quenched with saturated brine the reaction, the organic phase was separated, dried, evaporated under reduced pressure to recover the solvent to give an off-white solid. Recrystallized from ethanol to give an off-white solid canertinib (I) 4.05g, yield 83.5%.

[0028] Example IV:

Under [0029] nitrogen, to a three-necked flask was added 7- [3- (4_-morpholinyl) propoxy] -6-acrylamido-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-one (IV ) (3.58g, IOmmol), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium iron hexafluorophosphate (BOP) (6.63g, 15mmol) and acetonitrile lOOmL. Under stirring, dropwise power port I, 5- diazabicyclo [4.3.0] – non-5-ene (DBN) (1.86g, 15mmol), dropwise, at room temperature for 12 hours. Warmed to 60 ° C, the reaction was continued for 12 hours. The solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate was added to dissolve IOOmL, washed with 2M sodium hydroxide and 20mL. The organic phase was separated, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran IOOmL, 4-chloro-3-fluoroaniline (1.89g, 13mmol) and sodium hydride (0.32g, 13mmol), was heated to 50 ° C, reaction was stirred for 5 hours, the end of the reaction was monitored TLC. Quenched with saturated brine the reaction, the organic phase was separated, dried, evaporated under reduced pressure to recover the solvent to give an off-white solid. Recrystallized from ethanol to give an off-white solid canertinib (I) 3.85g, yield 79.4%. ·

[0030] Example Five:

Under [0031] nitrogen, to a three-necked flask was added 7- [3- (4_-morpholinyl) propoxy] -6-acrylamido-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-4-one (IV ) (3.58g, IOmmol), benzotriazol-1-yloxytris (dimethylamino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate gun (BOP) (6.63g, 15mmol), 4_-chloro-3-fluoroaniline ( 1.89g, 13mmol) and N, N- dimethylformamide lOOmL. Under stirring, a solution of I, 8- diazabicyclo [5.4.0] – ^ a _7_ ene (DBU) (2.28g, 15mmol), dropwise, at room temperature for 12 hours. Warmed to 60 ° C, the reaction was continued for 12 hours. The solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate was added to dissolve IOOmL, washed with 2M sodium hydroxide and 20mL. The organic phase was separated, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was recrystallized from ethanol to give an off-white solid canertinib (1) 2.32g, yield 47.8%.

References

GW; Loo, JA; Greis, KD; Chan, OH; Reyner, EL; Lipka, E; Showalter, HD; et al. (2000). “Tyrosine kinase inhibitors. 17. Irreversible inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor: 4-(phenylamino)quinazoline- and 4-(phenylamino)pyrido3,2-dpyrimidine-6-acrylamides bearing additional solubilizing functions”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 43 (7): 1380–97. doi:10.1021/jm990482t. PMID 10753475.

Canertinib

Names
IUPAC name N-{4-[(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)amino]-7-[3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy]quinazolin-6-yl}prop-2-enamide
Other names CI-1033; PD-183805
Identifiers
CAS Number	267243-28-7
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:61399
ChEMBL	ChEMBL31965  ChEMBL545315
ChemSpider	137741
IUPHAR/BPS	5675
PubChem CID	156414
UNII	C78W1K5ASF
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8048943
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula	C24H25ClFN5O3
Molar mass	485.94 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

/////////////CANERTINIB

LENALIDOMIDE

• Molecular FormulaC₁₃H₁₃N₃O₃
• Average mass259.261 Da

SYN

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10593-015-1670-0

A new process for the synthesis of anticancer drug lenalidomide was developed, using platinum group metal-free and efficient reduction of nitro group with the iron powder and ammonium chloride. It was found that the bromination of the key raw material, methyl 2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoate, could be carried out in chlorine-free solvent methyl acetate without forming significant amounts of hazardous by-products. We also have compared the known synthetic methods for cyclization of methyl 2-(bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzoate and 3-aminopiperidinedione to form lenalidomide nitro precursor.

SYN

SYN

EP 0925294; US 5635517; WO 9803502

Cyclization of N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glutamine (I) by means of CDI in refluxing THF gives 3-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)piperidine-2,6-dione (II), which is deprotected with H2 over Pd/C in ethyl acetate/4N HCl to yield 3-aminopiperidine-2,6-dione hydrochloride (III). Bromination of 2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid methyl ester (IV) with NBS in CCl4 provides 2-(bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzoic acid methyl ester (V), which is cyclized with the aminopiperidine (III) by means of triethylamine in hot DMF to afford 3-(4-nitro-1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)piperidine-2,6-dione (VI). Finally, the nitro group of compound (VI) is reduced with H2 over Pd/C in methanol (1, 2).

SYN

Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999,9(11),1625

Treatment of 3-nitrophthalimide (I) with ethyl chloroformate and triethylamine produced 3-nitro-N-(ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide (II), which was condensed with L-glutamine tert-butyl ester hydrochloride (III) to afford the phthaloyl glutamine derivative (IV). Acidic cleavage of the tert-butyl ester of (IV) provided the corresponding carboxylic acid (V). This was cyclized to the required glutarimide (VI) upon treatment with thionyl chloride and then with triethylamine. The nitro group of (VI) was finally reduced to amine by hydrogenation over Pd/C.

Lenalidomide