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ENCORAFENIB, エンコラフェニブ

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LGX818 structure.svg

2D chemical structure of 1269440-17-6

Encorafenib.png

ENCORAFENIB, エンコラフェニブ

UNII:8L7891MRB6

Formula:C22H27ClFN7O4S, Average: 540.01

1269440-17-6

  • BRAFTOVI
  • NVP-LGX818
  • NVP-LGX-818-NXA
  • NVP-LGX818-NXA
  • ENCORAFENIB [USAN]
  • ENCORAFENIB [WHO-DD]
  • ENCORAFENIB
  • ENCORAFENIB [INN]
  • METHYL N-((2S)-1-((4-(3-(5-CHLORO-2-FLUORO-3-(METHANESULFONAMIDO)PHENYL)(-1-(PROPAN-2-YL)-1H-PYRAZOL-4-YL(PYRIMIDIN-2-YL)AMINO)PROPAN-2-YL)CARBAMATE
  • CARBAMIC ACID, N-((1S)-2-((4-(3-(5-CHLORO-2-FLUORO-3-((METHYLSULFONYL)AMINO)PHENYL)-1-(1-METHYLETHYL)-1H-PYRAZOL-4-YL)-2-PYRIMIDINYL)AMINO)-1-METHYLETHYL)-, METHYL ESTER
  • LGX818
  • LGX-818

Encorafenib, also known as BRAFTOVI, is a kinase inhibitor. Encorafenib inhibits BRAF gene, which encodes for B-raf protein, which is a proto-oncogene involved in various genetic mutations Label. This protein plays a role in regulating the MAP kinase/ERK signaling pathway, which impacts cell division, differentiation, and secretion. Mutations in this gene, most frequently the V600E mutation, are the most commonly identified cancer-causing mutations in melanoma, and have been isolated in various other cancers as well, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia and adenocarcinoma of the lung 6.

On June 27, 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved encorafenib and Binimetinib(BRAFTOVI and MEKTOVI, Array BioPharma Inc.) in combination for patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, as detected by an FDA-approved test Label.

Array Biopharma  (a wholly owned subsidiary of  Pfizer ), under license from  Novartis , and licensees  Pierre Fabre  and  Ono Pharmaceutical  have developed and launched the B-Raf kinase inhibitor encorafenib . In January 2020, the US FDA’s Orange Book was seen to list encorafenib patents such as US8946250 , US8501758 , US9314464 and US9763941 , expiring in the range of 2029-2032. At that time Orange Book also reported that encorafenib as having NCE exclusivity expiring on July 27, 2023.

Encorafenib (trade name Braftovi) is a drug for the treatment of certain melanomas. It is a small molecule BRAF inhibitor [1] that targets key enzymes in the MAPK signaling pathway. This pathway occurs in many different cancers including melanoma and colorectal cancers.[2] The substance was being developed by Novartis and then by Array BioPharma. In June 2018, it was approved by the FDA in combination with binimetinib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic BRAF V600E or V600K mutation-positive melanoma.[3][4]

The most common (≥25%) adverse reactions in patients receiving the drug combination were fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and arthralgia.[3]

Indication

Used in combination with Binimetinib in metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600E or V600K mutation, as detected by an FDA-approved test 5.

Associated Conditions

Pharmacodynamics

Encorafenib has shown improved efficacy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma 3.

Encorafenib, a selective BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi), has a pharmacologic profile that is distinct from that of other clinically active BRAFis 7.

Once-daily dosing of single-agent encorafenib has a distinct tolerability profile and shows varying antitumor activity across BRAFi-pretreated and BRAFi-naïve patients with advanced/metastatic stage melanoma 7.

Mechanism of action

Encorafenib is a kinase inhibitor that specifically targets BRAF V600E, as well as wild-type BRAF and CRAF while tested with in vitro cell-free assays with IC50 values of 0.35, 0.47, and 0.3 nM, respectively. Mutations in the BRAF gene, including BRAF V600E, result in activated BRAF kinases that mahy stimulate tumor cell growth. Encorafenib is able to bind to other kinases in vitro including JNK1, JNK2, JNK3, LIMK1, LIMK2, MEK4, and STK36 and significantly reduce ligand binding to these kinases at clinically achievable concentrations (≤ 0.9 μM) Label.

In efficacy studies, encorafenib inhibited the in vitro cell growth of tumor cell lines that express BRAF V600 E, D, and K mutations. In mice implanted with tumor cells expressing the BRAF V600E mutation, encorafenib induced tumor regressions associated with RAF/MEK/ERK pathway suppression Label.

Encorafenib and binimetinib target two different kinases in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. Compared with either drug alone, co-administration of encorafenib and binimetinib result in greater anti-proliferative activity in vitro in BRAF mutation-positive cell lines and greater anti-tumor activity with respect to tumor growth inhibition in BRAF V600E mutant human melanoma xenograft studies in mice. In addition to the above, the combination of encorafenib and binimetinib acted to delay the emergence of resistance in BRAF V600E mutant human melanoma xenografts in mice compared with the administration of either drug alone Label.

Image result for ENCORAFENIB

Pharmacology

Encorafenib acts as an ATP-competitive RAF kinase inhibitor, decreasing ERK phosphorylation and down-regulation of CyclinD1.[5]This arrests the cell cycle in G1 phase, inducing senescence without apoptosis.[5] Therefore it is only effective in melanomas with a BRAF mutation, which make up 50% of all melanomas.[6] The plasma elimination half-life of encorafenib is approximately 6 hours, occurring mainly through metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes.[7]

Clinical trials

Several clinical trials of LGX818, either alone or in combinations with the MEK inhibitor MEK162,[8] are being run. As a result of a successful Phase Ib/II trials, Phase III trials are currently being initiated.[9]

History

Approval of encorafenib in the United States was based on a randomized, active-controlled, open-label, multicenter trial (COLUMBUS; NCT01909453) in 577 patients with BRAF V600E or V600K mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma.[3] Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to receive binimetinib 45 mg twice daily plus encorafenib 450 mg once daily, encorafenib 300 mg once daily, or vemurafenib 960 mg twice daily.[3] Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.[3]

The major efficacy measure was progression-free survival (PFS) using RECIST 1.1 response criteria and assessed by blinded independent central review.[3] The median PFS was 14.9 months for patients receiving binimetinib plus encorafenib, and 7.3 months for the vemurafenib monotherapy arm (hazard ratio 0.54, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.71, p<0.0001).[3] The trial was conducted at 162 sites in Europe, North America and various countries around the world.[4]

SYN

PATENT

WO2010010154 , expiry , EU states,  2029,  US in 2030 with US154 extension.

WO 2011025927

WO 2016089208

Patent

WO-2020011141

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020011141&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P20-K5QFFQ-43376-1

Novel deuterated analogs of diarylpyrazole compounds, particularly encorafenib are B-RAF and C-RAF kinase inhibitors, useful for treating proliferative diseases such as melanoma and colorectal cancer. Family members of the product case, WO2010010154 , expire in most of the EU states until 2029 and will expire in the US in 2030 with US154 extension. In January 2020, the US FDA’s Orange Book was seen to list encorafenib patents such as US8946250 , US8501758 , US9314464 and US9763941 , expiring in the range of 2029-2032. At that time Orange Book also reported that encorafenib as having NCE exclusivity expiring on July 27, 2023.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mediates the activity of many effector molecules that coordinately control cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, and migration. Cells are bound by plasma factors such as growth factors, cytokines, or hormones to plasma membrane-associated Ras and GTP and thereby activated to recruit Raf. This interaction induces Raf’s kinase activity, resulting in direct phosphorylation of MAPK / ERK (MEK), which in turn phosphorylates extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK). Activated ERK phosphorylates a range of effector molecules, such as kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, and cytoskeleton proteins. Therefore, the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway transmits signals from cell surface receptors to the nucleus and is essential for cell proliferation and survival.

[0003]
According to Raf’s ability to interact with upstream regulator Ras, Raf has three different isoforms, namely A-Raf, B-Raf, and C-Raf. An activating mutation of one of the Ras genes can be observed in about 20% of all tumors, and the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway is activated in about 30% of all tumors. Activation mutations in the B-Raf kinase domain occur in approximately 70% of melanoma, 40% of papillary cancer, 30% of low-grade ovarian cancer, and 10% of colorectal cancer. Most B-Raf mutations are found in the kinase domain, with a single substitution (V600E) accounting for 80%. The mutated B-Raf protein activates the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway by increasing kinase activity against MEK or by activating C-Raf. B-Raf inhibitors inhibit cells involved in B-Raf kinase by blocking the signal cascade in these cancer cells and eventually inducing cell arrest and / or death.

[0004]
Encorafenib (aka LGX-818, chemical name is (S)-(1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1-iso Propyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) prop-2-yl) methyl carbamate, which has the following structural formula) is a new oral BRAF jointly developed by Novartis and Array Pharmaceuticals Inhibitors can inhibit the activation of the MAPK pathway caused by B-Raf kinase mutations (such as V600 mutations, that is, glutamate mutations at amino acid 600). Encorafenib alone or in combination with MEK inhibitor Binimetinib is used to treat patients with advanced BRAF v600 mutant melanoma. On June 27, 2018, the FDA approved Encorafenib (commercial name BRAFTOVI) capsules in combination with Binimetinib (commercial name: MEKTOVI) tablets for treating melanoma patients with BRAF V600E or BRAFV 600K mutations.
It is known that poor absorption, distribution, metabolism, and / or excretion (ADME) properties are the main cause of the failure of many candidate drug clinical trials. Many drugs currently on the market also limit their scope of application due to poor ADME properties. The rapid metabolism of drugs will cause many drugs that could be highly effective in treating diseases to be difficult to make because they are metabolized from the body too quickly. Although frequent or high-dose medication may solve the problem of rapid drug removal, this method will bring problems such as poor patient compliance, side effects caused by high-dose medication, and rising treatment costs. In addition, rapidly metabolizing drugs may also expose patients to adverse toxic or reactive metabolites.

[0007]
Although Encoratenib as a BRAF inhibitor can effectively treat BRAF V600 mutant melanoma, there are still serious clinical unmet needs in this field, and the Encoratenib compound is a class II BCS with poor water solubility at weakly acidic and neutral pH Compounds have poor oral availability, so finding new compounds that have a therapeutic effect on BRAF kinase mutations, have good oral bioavailability, and have pharmaceutical properties is still a challenging task. Therefore, there remains a need in the art to develop compounds that have selective inhibitory activity and / or better pharmacodynamics / pharmacokinetics for use as BRAF inhibitors, and the present invention provides such compounds.

PAPER

European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) (2018), 88, 67-76.

References

  1. ^ Koelblinger P, Thuerigen O, Dummer R (March 2018). “Development of encorafenib for BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma”Current Opinion in Oncology30 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000426PMC 5815646PMID 29356698.
  2. ^ Burotto M, Chiou VL, Lee JM, Kohn EC (November 2014). “The MAPK pathway across different malignancies: a new perspective”Cancer120 (22): 3446–56. doi:10.1002/cncr.28864PMC 4221543PMID 24948110.
  3. Jump up to:a b c d e f g “FDA approves encorafenib and binimetinib in combination for unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF mutations”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)(Press release). 27 June 2018. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2018.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. Jump up to:a b “Drug Trial Snapshot: Braftovi”U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 July 2018. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. Jump up to:a b Li Z, Jiang K, Zhu X, Lin G, Song F, Zhao Y, Piao Y, Liu J, Cheng W, Bi X, Gong P, Song Z, Meng S (January 2016). “Encorafenib (LGX818), a potent BRAF inhibitor, induces senescence accompanied by autophagy in BRAFV600E melanoma cells”. Cancer Letters370 (2): 332–44. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.015PMID 26586345.
  6. ^ Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV, Arold ST, Imielinski M, Theurillat JP, et al. (July 2012). “A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma”Cell150 (2): 251–63. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.024PMC 3600117PMID 22817889.
  7. ^ Koelblinger P, Thuerigen O, Dummer R (March 2018). “Development of encorafenib for BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma”Current Opinion in Oncology30 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000426PMC 5815646PMID 29356698.
  8. ^ “18 Studies found for: LGX818”Clinicaltrials.gove.
  9. ^ Clinical trial number NCT01909453 for “Study Comparing Combination of LGX818 Plus MEK162 and LGX818 Monotherapy Versus Vemurafenib in BRAF Mutant Melanoma (COLUMBUS)” at ClinicalTrials.gov

External links

  1. Li Z, Jiang K, Zhu X, Lin G, Song F, Zhao Y, Piao Y, Liu J, Cheng W, Bi X, Gong P, Song Z, Meng S: Encorafenib (LGX818), a potent BRAF inhibitor, induces senescence accompanied by autophagy in BRAFV600E melanoma cells. Cancer Lett. 2016 Jan 28;370(2):332-44. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.015. Epub 2015 Nov 14. [PubMed:26586345]
  2. Koelblinger P, Thuerigen O, Dummer R: Development of encorafenib for BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma. Curr Opin Oncol. 2018 Mar;30(2):125-133. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0000000000000426. [PubMed:29356698]
  3. Moschos SJ, Pinnamaneni R: Targeted therapies in melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2015 Apr;24(2):347-58. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2014.12.011. Epub 2015 Jan 24. [PubMed:25769717]
  4. Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Gogas HJ, Arance A, Mandala M, Liszkay G, Garbe C, Schadendorf D, Krajsova I, Gutzmer R, Chiarion-Sileni V, Dutriaux C, de Groot JWB, Yamazaki N, Loquai C, Moutouh-de Parseval LA, Pickard MD, Sandor V, Robert C, Flaherty KT: Encorafenib plus binimetinib versus vemurafenib or encorafenib in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma (COLUMBUS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018 May;19(5):603-615. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30142-6. Epub 2018 Mar 21. [PubMed:29573941]
  5. FDA approves encorafenib and binimetinib in combination for unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF mutations [Link]
  6. BRAF B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase [ Homo sapiens (human) ] [Link]
  7. Phase I Dose-Escalation and -Expansion Study of the BRAF Inhibitor Encorafenib (LGX818) in Metastatic BRAF-Mutant Melanoma [Link]
  8. Encorafenib FDA label [File]
  9. Encorafenib review [File]
Encorafenib
LGX818 structure.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Braftovi
Other names LGX818
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a618040
License data
Routes of
administration
Oral
Drug class Antineoplastic Agents
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C22H27ClFN7O4S
Molar mass 540.011 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

///////////ENCORAFENIB, 1269440-17-6, BRAFTOVI, NVP-LGX818, LGX818, LGX 818, エンコラフェニブ  ,

COC(=O)N[C@@H](C)CNc1nccc(n1)c2cn(nc2c3cc(Cl)cc(NS(=O)(=O)C)c3F)C(C)C

patent

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020011141&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P20-K5QFFQ-43376-1

Method for preparing compounds of the invention

[0165]
The compounds of the invention, including their salts, can be prepared using known organic synthesis techniques, and can be synthesized according to any of a number of possible synthetic routes, such as those in the schemes below. The reaction for preparing the compound of the present invention can be performed in a suitable solvent, and a person skilled in the art of organic synthesis can easily select a solvent. Suitable solvents may be substantially non-reactive with the starting materials (reactants), intermediates, or products at the temperature at which the reaction is performed (e.g., a temperature ranging from the solvent freezing temperature to the solvent boiling point temperature). A given reaction may be performed in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent. The skilled person can select a solvent for a specific reaction step depending on the specific reaction step.

[0166]
The preparation of the compounds of the invention may involve the protection and removal of different chemical groups. Those skilled in the art can easily determine whether protection and removal of protection are needed and the choice of an appropriate protecting group. The chemical nature of the protecting group can be found, for example, in Wuts and Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons: New Jersey, (2006), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0167]
The compound of the present invention can be prepared into a single stereo by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers, and recovering the optically pure enantiomer isomer. Enantiomeric resolution can be performed using diastereomeric derivatives of the compounds of the present invention, with preferentially dissociable complexes (e.g., crystalline diastereomeric salts). Diastereomers have significantly different physical properties (eg, melting points, boiling points, solubility, reactivity, etc.) and can be easily separated by the advantages of these dissimilarities. Diastereomers can be separated by chromatography, preferably by separation / resolution techniques based on differences in solubility. The optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving reagent, by any practical means that does not allow racemization. A more detailed description of techniques suitable for resolution of stereoisomers of compounds starting from racemic mixtures can be found in Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, Samue1H. Wilen, “Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolution” (“Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions “), John Wiley And Sons, Inc., 1981.

[0168]
The reaction can be monitored according to any suitable method known in the art. For example, it may be by spectroscopic means such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (e.g. 1 H or 13 C), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, spectrophotometry (e.g. UV-visible light), mass spectrometry (MS)) or by chromatography Methods such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC) to monitor product formation.

[0169]
The compound of formula (I) of the present invention can be prepared by the following reaction scheme 1:

[0170]
Reaction Flowchart 1

[0171]
WO2020011141 / pic / XxJADXdTFKEoDNpTEyy19bUgmH96fty917ouhkO5VZ8DxAcnBrNNXgNmrPfLZTkbnfDDV8tm_ImJg2inA4pPj9gRdLA4C4Y4C4Y4C4Y4C4R4A4

[0172]
Wherein Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , Y 5 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 and X 5 are as defined in the present invention. The compound of formula (I) can be obtained by using a compound of formula (I-1) and a sulfonating agent X 5 SO 2 Cl at a suitable base (for example, pyridine, triethylamine, 4- (N, N-dimethylamino) pyridine, etc.) Reaction with a suitable solvent (e.g., dichloromethane, THF, etc.). The reaction is performed at a temperature ranging from about 0 ° C to about 1000 ° C, and may take up to about 20 hours to complete. The reaction mixture is optionally further reacted to remove any protecting groups.

[0173]
The compound of formula (I-1) can be prepared by the following reaction scheme 2:

[0174]
Reaction Flowchart 2

[0175]
WO2020011141 / pic / 0j7t4gaakD7jifc_-mXUo7X65c8la3xpUvQQUfnz6tLaRlcSBbtBx_ehky4qNV0PICK_GRydD0JIoErMNKGqXAa-Pdt7Mtw-IlvJllyprtNJlkwQFY2QFKYFQFY2F2F2F-A

[0176]
Wherein Y 1 , Y 2 , Y 3 , Y 4 , Y 5 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 and X 5 are as defined in the present invention, M is a leaving group (for example, iodine, bromine, chlorine, trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, etc.), each Z may be, for example, hydrogen, methyl, etc., or two Z groups may be connected to form a boric acid ester. Both P groups can be H, or two P groups taken together represent a suitable nitrogen protecting group (eg, one P can be hydrogen and the other can be Boc). The compound of formula (I-2) can be obtained by using a compound of formula (I-4) and a compound of formula (I-3) in a suitable transition metal catalyst (for example, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 or PdCl 2(dppf)), a suitable solvent (for example, DME, dioxane, toluene, ethanol, etc.) and a suitable base (for example, anhydrous potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate, etc.) are reacted. The reaction is carried out at a temperature ranging from about 20 ° C to 120 ° C, and may take about 2 hours to complete. Compounds of formula (I) can be synthesized by leaving the protecting group P from compounds of formula (I-2) (eg, by treatment with a strong acid such as hydrogen chloride in the presence of DME and dioxane).

[0177]
Compounds of formula (I-4) can be prepared by the following reaction scheme 3:

[0178]
Reaction Flowchart 3

[0179]
WO2020011141 / pic / H1aXUHL0cjl3M_4rpEpbJjUXM5MVl8eWmRAYSGnBPikn5V42NDHXIWwphroHiMSaKEOQI2xHvuG9rOZ0TmtIGAgEd55PYww1WwLNWYpYGOjx5MePjrwW1

[0180]
Wherein Y 1 , Y 2 , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are as defined in the present invention, and M is a leaving group (for example, iodine, Bromine, chlorine, trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, etc.), and V is a leaving group (eg, iodine, bromine, chlorine, trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy, etc.). Compounds of formula (I-4) can be prepared by reacting an amine compound of formula (I-5) and a compound of formula (I-6). The reaction is performed in a suitable solvent (for example, DMSO, NMP, dioxane, or isopropanol) in the presence of a suitable base (for example, sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate, etc.) at a temperature ranging from about 25 ° C to about 120 ° C.

[0181]
Examples

[0182]
The present invention will be further described below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these examples are only used to illustrate the present invention and not to limit the scope of the present invention. The experimental methods without specific conditions in the following examples are generally based on conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Unless stated otherwise, parts and percentages are parts by weight and percent by weight.

[0183]
The abbreviations used in this article have the following meanings:

[0184]

[TABLE 0001]

APCI Atmospheric pressure chemical dissociation
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
TLC TLC
h hour
DMF N, N-dimethylformamide
2 CO 3 Potassium carbonate
DCM Dichloromethane
THF Tetrahydrofuran
CH 3 MgBr Methyl magnesium bromide
PTSA p-Toluenesulfonic acid
TFA Trifluoroacetate
NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
Diguanidinium carbonate Guanidine carbonate
MTBE Methyl tert-butyl ether
POCl 3 Phosphorus oxychloride
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
Pd (dppf) Cl 2 [1,1′-Bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] Palladium dichloride
Dioxane Dioxane
TsCl 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride
Boc Tert-butoxy carbon
DIPEA N, N-diisopropylethylamine
CDCl 3 Deuterated chloroform
TEA Triethylamine
DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine
Na 2 CO 3 Sodium carbonate
HCl hydrochloric acid

[0185]

[表 0002]

MsCl Methanesulfonyl chloride
Tol Toluene

[0186]
Preparation of intermediate A 2-chloro-4- (3-iodo-1- (prop-2-yl-d 7) -1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyrimidine.

[0187]
WO2020011141 / pic / FNMs_XnbU3RObeg6K-VT91xnEa9pD4CszLQIShhoBrnGwf4vFDH7dAkcn-3inZ_bWfKR2ST5u0v_zJNop7mFw4GGCQQ-n-KUOLKt_hScUwRV00GBR1

[0188]
Use the following route for synthesis:

[0189]
WO2020011141 / pic / X5sd0-Eb1TIYnP9Ih5i8tod2iaKSm99ccdy8emg0txiLBrTHdVUkygjUPWlzRjkQFaUW8mpEfWyY68vXxmmbEdx1Q3ZQZFZ1ZYZFZ5ZFJ2

[0190]
Step 1 Synthesis of Compound A-2

[0191]
Compound 1 (5.0 g, 73.4 mmol) was added to a 47% solution of hydrobromic acid (20 ml). The reaction solution was reacted at 80 ° C for 3 hours, and distilled under normal pressure. The 60-70 ° C fraction was collected to obtain a colorless liquid. 6.2g, yield 65%.

[0192]
Step 2 Synthesis of Compound A-4

[0193]
Compound A-3 (3.0 g, 27.8 mmol) was added to a DMF (20 ml) solution, the solution was lowered to 0 ° C, K 2 CO 3 (4.6 g, 33.3 mmol, 10 ml) was added, and the mixture was stirred at low temperature for 0.5 h. Then compound A-2 (4.3g, 33.3mmol) was slowly added dropwise. After the dropwise addition, the temperature was raised to 90 ° C for 10 hours. The reaction solution was extracted with DCM (50ml × 3). The organic phases were combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 1) to obtain 3.1 g of a white solid in a yield of 72%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 158.21.06 (M + 1) + .

[0194]
Step 3 Synthesis of Compound A-5

[0195]
Under nitrogen protection, compound A-4 (3.0 g, 19.1 mmol) was added to a solution of anhydrous THF (40 ml), and the temperature was lowered to -5 ° C, and CH 3 MgBr (19.1 ml, 57.3 mmol, 3 ml / L) was added dropwise . Anhydrous THF solution. After the dropwise addition was completed, the temperature was gradually raised to reflux for 4 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chloride, then the pH was adjusted to neutral with dilute hydrochloric acid, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 ml × 3). The phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 2: 3) to obtain 2.0 g of a yellow solid with a yield of 61%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 175.21.06 (M + 1) + .

[0196]
Step 4 Synthesis of Compound A-6

[0197]
Compound A-5 (2.0g, 11.5mmol), PTSA (4.2g, 23.0mmol) were added to the acetonitrile (15ml) solution, and after dropping to 0 ° C, sodium nitrite (1.43g, 20.7mmol) and Aqueous solution (5 ml) of potassium iodide (3.82 g, 23.0 mmol). The reaction solution was reacted at room temperature for 3 hours, and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and spin-dried to obtain 2.5 g of an orange solid with a yield of 75%.

[0198]
Step 5 Synthesis of Compound A-8

[0199]
Under nitrogen protection, compound A-6 (2.0 g, 7.01 mmol) was added to a DMF (15 ml) solution, and the temperature was raised to 120 ° C. Then compound A-7 (1.9 g, 10.5 mmol, 10 ml) was added at 120 ° C. The reaction was stirred for 0.5h. Dichloromethane (30ml × 3) was extracted. The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was separated by column. ) To obtain 1.9 g of the product in a yield of 80%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 341.06 (M + 1) + .

[0200]
Step 6 Synthesis of Compound A-9

[0201]
Under nitrogen protection, compound A-8 (1.9 g, 5.6 mmol) and guanidine carbonate (1.6 g, 12.8 mmol) were sequentially added to the NMP (20 ml) solution. At the same time, a water separation device was set up to raise the solution to 130 ° C. The reaction was stirred at 130 ° C for 10 hours. After the reaction was completed, dichloromethane (30ml × 3) was extracted, the organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was separated by column (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 2: 3), 1.5 g of product was obtained with a yield of 81%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 336.86 (M + 1) + .

[0202]
Step 7 Synthesis of Compound A-10

[0203]
Compound A-9 (1.5 g, 4.5 mmol) was added to the TFA (15 ml) solution. After reducing to 0 ° C, sodium nitrite (0.93 g, 13.4 mmol) was added as a solid. The reaction solution was reacted at room temperature for 1 h. Extract with ethyl acetate (30ml × 3), combine the organic phases, dry over anhydrous sodium sulfate, spin dry the oil with MTBE (10ml), and filter to obtain 1.3g of white solid, 87% yield, LC-MS (APCI) : m / z = 338.15 (M + 1) + .

[0204]
Step 8 Synthesis of intermediate compound A

[0205]
Compound A-10 (1.3 g, 3.86 mmol) was added to a solution of POCl 3 (15 ml), and the temperature was raised to 110 ° C., and the reaction was refluxed at this temperature for 10 h. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was spin-dried and dichloromethane (30 ml × 2) Extraction, combined organic phases, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and column separation of the concentrated solution (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 4: 1), 1.0 g of product was obtained, yield 73% . LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 356.32 (M + 1) + .

[0206]
Preparation of intermediate B (S)-(methyl-d 3) (1-aminoprop-2-yl) aminocarbonate.

[0207]
WO2020011141 / pic / -0strXxact6b2WUIRF3g-qYghbCelI38aof_aRxWyEeaR72see_zBNkAfrwxU-jzi8mdXg4_x4dVwb8bvcLmC0ELLoGLnitco1K2i6cFdUmLPY-LVCRcRcRiOsrQrCsIrOc

[0208]
Use the following route for synthesis:

[0209]
WO2020011141 / pic / luvqF_emaX_eXgTd5ug-arAL8ywwxiu1gGgclql8FZMllvX_6O0eC2cCrB0EEspypcf5ZTRPbOib3MqPf8rPV8752UgYWY2ZwOYZY

[0210]
Step 1 Synthesis of Compound B-2

[0211]
Compound B-1 (1.3 g, 4.5 mmol) was dissolved in a toluene (15 ml) solution, the temperature was lowered to 0 ° C, and CD 3 OD (0.5 g, 15 mmol) and triethylamine (1.7 g, 17 mmol) in toluene were added dropwise . (10ml) solution, reacted at room temperature for 2h after the dropwise addition, washed three times with ice water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered to obtain a toluene solution of compound B-2, and directly used in the next step.

[0212]
Step 2 Synthesis of Compound B-4

[0213]
At 0 ° C, the hydrochloride (0.5 g, 2.4 mmol) and triethylamine (0.73 g, 7.2 mmol) of compound B-3 were added to a solution of dichloromethane (10 ml) in this order, and one step of compound B was added dropwise. -2 toluene solution, reacted for 5 hours at room temperature after the addition, quenched by adding water (10ml), extracted with dichloromethane (20ml × 3), combined organic phases, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated the column for separation (elution Agent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 4: 1), 0.45 g of white solid product was obtained with a yield of 80%.

[0214]
Step 3 Synthesis of intermediate compound B

[0215]
At 0 ° C, a solution of 4M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (4ml) was slowly added to a solution of compound B-4 (0.45g, 1.9mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml), and the reaction was continued at room temperature for 6h. After the reaction was completed, the solution was spin-dried, petroleum ether (10 ml) was slurried, and 0.2 g of the product was obtained by suction filtration with a yield of 77%.

[0216]
Preparation of intermediate C (1-aminoprop-2-yl-1,1,3,3,3-d 5) carbamate.

[0217]
WO2020011141 / pic / bZLBsYoBZtulvxpYYI8e5PX_miQYNGkgLgTUstJSMH5SqupQ2PJkQONEOn2GgxHGWmCDZMa-2G5AAvETeF0Qc5Isx_T67ZCJL4_fm2

[0218]
Use the following route for synthesis:

[0219]
WO2020011141 / pic / NoYKNLy2Fhdd3EaVaPfdnESILNKxV3p8R23Zhj7ewo2iRP1aX1fafA7EijayZQiw1sBGSuhkSMC5kcA3OJoo4VaSIpow2Qpww2wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwzw

[0220]
Step 1 Synthesis of compound C-3

[0221]
A mixture of compound C-2 (4.6 g, 61.8 mmol), compound C-1 (11.5 g, 67.6 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (7.16 g, 67.7 mmol) in water (60 ml) was stirred and reacted at 0 ° C for 3 h. After the reaction was completed, water (60 ml) was added, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (60 ml x 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 10: 1), 11.2 g of an oily substance was obtained, and the yield was 88%.

[0222]
Step 2 Synthesis of Compound C-4

[0223]
Under a nitrogen atmosphere, DMSO (4.8 g, 61.5 mmol) was slowly added to a solution of oxalyl chloride (6.0 g, 47.2 mmol) in DCM (60 ml) at -78 ° C, and the mixture was stirred at -78 ° C for half an hour. Then, a solution of compound C-3 (8.0 g, 38.2 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was further stirred at -78 ° C for 1 h, and then triethylamine (16 ml) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was raised to At room temperature, it was washed with 1N hydrochloric acid (50ml) and sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution (50ml) successively. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, heat-shrinked, and then slurried with a volume ratio of PE: EA = 8: 1 to obtain 5.3g of a white solid product. The rate is 87%.

[0224]
Step 3 Synthesis of Compound C-5

[0225]
1,5,7-Triazabicyclo [4.4.0] dec-5-ene (0.27 g, 1.9 mmol) was added to a solution of compound C-4 (4.0 g, 19.3 mmol) in deuterated chloroform (30 ml) After the reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 hours, water (10 ml) was added to quench the reaction, and the organic phase was separated and washed with saturated sodium chloride. The organic phase was dried and spin-dried to obtain 3.9 g of an oil with a yield of 98%.

[0226]
Step 4 Synthesis of compound C-6

[0227]
Under a nitrogen atmosphere, compound C-5 (4.0 g, 18.9 mmol) and tert-butylsulfinamide (2.7 g, 22.6 mmol) were added to the THF (60 ml) solution, and tetraisopropyl titanate was added at room temperature. Ester (11.8 g, 41.5 mmol), and then heated to 60 ° C for 3 h. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, quenched by adding water, and extracted with ethyl acetate (60 ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate ( v / v) = 4: 1), 3.5 g of product was obtained with a yield of 58%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 315.80 (M + 1) + .

[0228]
Step 5 Synthesis of compound C-7

[0229]
At -50 ° C, NaBH 4 (0.73 g, 19.1 mmol) was added to a solution of compound C-6 (2.0 g, 6.3 mmol) in methanol (20 ml), and then the reaction was continued at low temperature for 1 h. 1M hydrochloric acid was added to quench the reaction, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (30 ml × 2). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and spin-dried to obtain 2.1 g of an oily product.

[0230]
Step 6 Synthesis of compound C-8

[0231]
A solution of 4M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (10 ml) was slowly added to a solution of compound C-7 (2.0 g, 6.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml) at 0 ° C, and the reaction was continued at 0 ° C for 6 h. After the reaction is completed, the solvent is spin-dried and directly used in the next step without further processing.

[0232]
Step 7 Synthesis of compound C-9

[0233]
Triethylamine (1.43 g, 14.1 mmol) was added to a solution of compound C-8 (1.5 g, 7.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml) at 0 ° C, and methyl chloroformate was added dropwise to the mixture. (0.8g, 8.5mmol), and react at room temperature for 5 hours after the addition. After the reaction is complete, water (10ml) is added to quench the reaction. The reaction solution is extracted with dichloromethane (20ml × 2). Sodium was dried, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 4: 1) to obtain 1.1 g of a white solid product with a yield of 58%.

[0234]
Step 8 Synthesis of intermediate compound C

[0235]
Under a hydrogen atmosphere, Pd-C (0.2g, 10%) was added to the compound C-9 (1.0g, 3.7mmol) in ethanol (5ml) and a 1N hydrochloric acid solution (5ml), and the reaction was stirred for 5h. After the reaction was completed, It was filtered and the filtrate was directly concentrated to obtain 0.4 g of the product.

[0236]
Example 1 (S) -methyl- (1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1- (propan-2-yl -d 7) Preparation of 1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) propan-2-yl) carbamate (compound L-1).

[0237]
WO2020011141 / pic / 3xtiuTx657XV12_fky8oaKP_xXwX4wCXzmrOFYj-6WrLGfn7RokqPCy3lz6vK0t_oUjqoYktURzPEI8R4Z4fga0Yw0QXQQWYQZYUZTYWYQT

[0238]
Use the following route for synthesis:

[0239]
WO2020011141 / pic / kZCwkP7P-x1L3nCmUBMv9tcq80zMDMHYE9GLLB13iwjtMkE58H7GHYCHtBFrk_OoAPcX1xuC9dLyLTpjsyBA2GaUqv2D2XU2C2R2C2R2C2R2C2B2C2D2C2C2B2

[0240]
Step 1 Synthesis of Compound 2

[0241]
Under nitrogen protection, intermediate compound A (1.0 g, 2.8 mmol), compound 1 (0.52 g, 3.1 mmol), and sodium carbonate (1.2 g, 11.2 mmol) were sequentially added to the DMSO (20 ml) solution, and the temperature was raised to 90 ° C. The reaction was stirred at this temperature for 16h. After the reaction was completed, DCM (30ml × 3) was extracted, the organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was separated by column (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 2), 0.8 g of product was obtained with a yield of 63%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 452.33 (M + 1) + .

[0242]
Step 2 Synthesis of Compound 4

[0243]
Under nitrogen protection, compound 2 (0.5 g, 1.11 mmol), compound 3 (0.5 g, 1.33 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.47 g, 4.43 mmol), and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (0.09 g, 0.11 mmol) were added in this order. Into a mixed solution of toluene (20 ml) and water (4 ml), heated to 80 ° C. for 2 h. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, extracted with ethyl acetate (30 ml × 3), the organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 1) 0.2 g of product was obtained with a yield of 31%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 569.09 (M + 1) + .

[0244]
Step 3 Synthesis of Compound 5

[0245]
At 0 ° C, a solution of 4M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (4ml) was slowly added to a solution of compound 4 (0.2g, 0.35mmol) in DCM (10ml), and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature for 6h. After the reaction is complete, the solution is spin-dried and directly sent to the next step without further processing. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 469.27 (M + 1) + .

[0246]
Step 4 Synthesis of Compound L-1

[0247]
Compound 5 (0.15 g, 0.32 mmol) and triethylamine (0.16 g, 1.6 mmol) were sequentially added to the DCM (10 ml) solution. After the temperature was lowered to 0 ° C, MsCl (0.11 g, 1.0 mmol) was slowly added dropwise. After the addition was completed, the reaction temperature was raised to room temperature for 5 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was spin-dried to obtain a residue. Toluene (9 ml), methanol (1 ml), water (10 ml), and sodium carbonate (2 g) were sequentially added to the residue. The reaction temperature was raised to 85 ° C for 10 hours, cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate (20ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: dichloromethane / methanol (v / v) = 20: 1), 50 mg of product was obtained with a yield of 35%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 547.31 (M + 1) + . 1 H NMR (400MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.08 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (d , J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (d, J = 18.8 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.59 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 1H), 3.61 (s , 3H), 3.24 (s, 1H), 2.98 (d, J = 16.6Hz, 3H), 2.01 (s, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H).

[0248]
Example 2 (S)-(methyl-d 3)-(1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1-iso Preparation of propyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) propan-2-yl) carbamate (compound L-2).

[0249]
WO2020011141 / pic / tVDfDEoOqWI5X7v8Kaju3q5h9JqkTve6llLuavobFC_1bh4Bp_PcG7AbdlZy5eFwRexqa8OY2mQ_WQBTMQu5Ce-x7qWisFmuvIijUJGQ7JhMqHf6vDSCLDW8ySQjx0v3LUA6YMGFZwOYZJznC59drnUBFfVdu6tdIqqvonWRiGg “>

[0250]
Use the following route for synthesis:

[0251]
WO2020011141 / pic / m9mXD-mrSGFj20R47ROzFF6keVQ70kCzBace3esKjuDXwTUrjQQweunbgPzPIPpGrRj1It6FgZXqv5ywjyC2eHI6VD0F0D0f0FJ1DKfY1D1KVFY1D1F1D1F2D2F2D2F2D2D2D2F2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2D2d2d2d2d2d2ddffd1d2d2dffd2d2dffd2ddfffd1d2d2dffd1ddffj1nKixYeQ2ohmGYVDVF7F7R2

[0252]
Step 1 Synthesis of compound 7

[0253]
Under nitrogen protection, compound 6 (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol), intermediate compound B (0.2 g, 1.5 mmol), and sodium carbonate (0.63 g, 6.0 mmol) were sequentially added to the DMSO (20 ml) solution, and the temperature was raised to 90 ° C. The reaction was stirred at this temperature for 16h. After the reaction was completed, DCM (30ml × 3) was extracted, the organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was separated by column (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 2), 0.42 g of product was obtained in a yield of 65%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 447.80 (M + 1) + .

[0254]
Step 2 Synthesis of Compound 8

[0255]
Under nitrogen protection, compound 7 (0.4 g, 0.90 mmol), compound 3 (0.4 g, 1.07 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.38 g, 3.6 mmol), and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (0.07 g, 0.09 mmol) were added in this order. Into a mixed solution of toluene (20 ml) and water (4 ml), the mixture was heated to 80 ° C. and reacted for 2 h. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, extracted with ethyl acetate (30 ml × 3), the organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 1) 0.2 g of product was obtained with a yield of 40%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 565.03 (M + 1) + .

[0256]
Step 3 Synthesis of Compound 9

[0257]
At 0 ° C, a solution of 4M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (4 ml) was slowly added to a solution of compound 8 (0.2 g, 0.35 mmol) in DCM (10 ml), and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and continued to react for 6 h. After the reaction is complete, the solution is spin-dried and directly sent to the next step without further processing. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 465.27 (M + 1) + .

[0258]
Step 4 Synthesis of Compound L-2

[0259]
Compound 9 (0.2 g, 0.43 mmol) and triethylamine (0.22 g, 2.1 mmol) were sequentially added to the DCM (10 ml) solution. After lowering to 0 ° C, MsCl (0.15 g, 1.3 mmol) was slowly added dropwise. After the addition was completed, the reaction temperature was raised to room temperature for 5 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was spin-dried to obtain a residue. Toluene (9 ml), methanol (1 ml), water (10 ml), and sodium carbonate (2 g) were sequentially added to the residue. The reaction temperature was raised to 85 ° C for 10 hours, cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate (20ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: dichloromethane / methanol (v / v) = 20: 1), 70 mg of product was obtained with a yield of 30%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 543.21 (M + 1) + . 1 H NMR (400MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.01 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d , J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J = 18.8 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.59 (d, J = 12.2, Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 1H), 3.61 ( s, 1H) 3.24 (s, 1H), 3.10 (d, J = 16.6 Hz, 3H), 2.21 (s, 1H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.27 (d, 6H).

[0260]
Example 3 (S)-(methyl-d 3)-(1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1- ( Preparation of prop-2-yl-d 7) -1H-pyrazol-4 -yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) prop-2-yl) carbamate (compound L-3).

[0261]
WO2020011141 / pic / iqj6pvdjjM4HOwS5mON3pOQ9HR7saOazmNYNpzaiXojjcGBiI6WDlFm3cKezb4yS-LlWgLP3UOsiRLU-U82AHxNXxfErtH82vSuy7aRZyypOhFxSIKcmsU1IrgUTfZfHvHyV7GUrqgilmX3Uhs5HqB4J8lAtCQzt3Usg8oMeezs “>

[0262]
Take the following synthetic route:

[0263]
WO2020011141 / pic / YwVS_N4uouPkEHjeYuqZOHrNDrfCXIg0xzYvgPjs2CnKzWkQFiTy2WMm9EsgMfhElppKsKCS5sgXcDsnhYWWYWWYWWYVWYWYWW

[0264]
Step 1 Synthesis of compound 10

[0265]
Under nitrogen protection, intermediate compound A (0.6 g, 1.7 mmol), intermediate compound B (0.23 g, 1.7 mmol), and sodium carbonate (0.71 g, 6.8 mmol) were added to the DMSO (20 ml) solution in this order, and the temperature was raised to The reaction was stirred at 90 ° C for 16h at this temperature. After the reaction was completed, DCM (30ml × 3) was extracted, the organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate ( v / v) = 1: 2), 0.65 g of product was obtained with a yield of 84%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 454.92 (M + 1) + .

[0266]
Step 2 Synthesis of Compound 11

[0267]
Under nitrogen protection, compound 10 (0.6 g, 1.3 mmol), compound 3 (0.59 g, 1.6 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.56 g, 5.3 mmol), and Pd (dppf) Cl2 (0.10 g, 0.13 mmol) were added in this order. Into a mixed solution of toluene (20 ml) and water (4 ml), heated to 80 ° C. for 2 h. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, extracted with ethyl acetate (30 ml × 3), the organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 1) 0.32 g of the product was obtained with a yield of 43%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 572.10 (M + 1) + .

[0268]
Step 3 Synthesis of Compound 12

[0269]
At 0 ° C, a solution of 4M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (4 ml) was slowly added to a solution of compound 11 (0.3 g, 0.52 mmol) in DCM (10 ml), and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and continued to react for 6 h. After the reaction is complete, the solution is spin-dried and directly sent to the next step without further processing. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 472.09 (M + 1) + .

[0270]
Step 4 Synthesis of Compound L-3

[0271]
Compound 12 (0.25 g, 0.53 mmol) and triethylamine (0.27 g, 2.6 mmol) were sequentially added to the DCM (10 ml) solution. After dropping to 0 ° C, MsCl (0.18 g, 1.6 mmol) was slowly added dropwise. After the addition was completed, the reaction temperature was raised to room temperature for 5 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was spin-dried to obtain a residue. Toluene (9 ml), methanol (1 ml), water (10 ml), and sodium carbonate (2 g) were sequentially added to the residue. The reaction temperature was raised to 85 ° C for 10 hours, cooled to room temperature, and extracted with ethyl acetate (20ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: dichloromethane / methanol (v / v) = 20: 1), 75 mg of product was obtained with a yield of 26%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 550.29 (M + 1) + . 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.13 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.63 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.40 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.65 (d , J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J = 18.8 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 12.2, Hz, 1H), 3.70 (s, 1H), 3.54 ( s, 1H), 3.16 (d, J = 16.6 Hz, 3H), 2.11 (s, 1H), 1.38 (s, 3H).

[0272]
Example 4 (1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1- (prop-2-yl) -1H-pyrazole- 4- yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino ) propan-2-yl -1,1,3,3,3-d 5) carbamate (compound L-4),

[0273]
(S)-(1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1- (prop-2-yl) -1H-pyrazole 4-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) propan-2- yl-1,1,3,3,3-d 5) methyl carbamate (compound L-4-S) and

[0274]
(R)-(1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1- (prop-2-yl) -1H-pyrazole 4-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) propan-2- yl-1,1,3,3,3-d 5) Preparation of methyl carbamate (compound L-4-R).

[0275]
WO2020011141 / pic / m0IN31dnhItfm5H-dGFizFalHv9quUKvHfmY4zFpAaHFgTp-0iUzxdHuZwlvRxqTStKdio_PlNaIPfHi8pthED3hbMalT8GyFmZ1tCDOIKmutZCiuLJ4FJW4WY

[0276]
Take the following synthetic route:

[0277]
WO2020011141 / pic / fjV2PIKmugqfUgshQfiVwrkjSTGfhIl9ZWz96JIiDMEhwjAlTOxFStuhxFFooUqAr0FVv7GXsyKUDxeLYZl-uQQWMt1C9_9Zi9U9U9Zi9U9U

[0278]
Step 1 Synthesis of compound 13

[0279]
Under nitrogen protection, compound 6 (0.4 g, 1.1 mmol), intermediate compound C (0.16 g, 1.1 mmol), and sodium carbonate (0.50 g, 4.6 mmol) were sequentially added to the DMSO (15 ml) solution, and the solution was raised to The reaction was stirred at 90 ° C at this temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was extracted with dichloromethane (30 ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether). / Ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 2) to obtain 0.40 g of the product in a yield of 75%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 449.53 (M + 1) + .

[0280]
Step 2 Synthesis of Compound 14

[0281]
Under a nitrogen atmosphere, compound 13 (0.4 g, 0.9 mmol), compound 3 (0.5 g, 1.4 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.40 g, 3.56 mmol), and Pd (dppf) Cl 2 (0.08 g, 0.1 mmol) were added in this order. Into a mixed solution of toluene (20 ml) and water (4 ml), heated to 80 ° C. for 2 h. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and then extracted with ethyl acetate (30 ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 1), 0.28 g of product was obtained with a yield of 55%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 567.12 (M + 1) + .

[0282]
Step 3 Synthesis of Compound 15

[0283]
At 0 ° C, a solution of 4M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (2ml) was slowly added to a solution of compound 14 (0.28g, 0.50mmol) in dichloromethane (10ml), and the reaction was continued at room temperature for 6h. After the reaction is completed, the solution is directly spin-dried and directly sent to the next step without further processing. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 467.29 (M + 1) + .

[0284]
Step 4 Synthesis of compound L-4

[0285]
Triethylamine (0.13 g, 1.28 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 15 (0.2 g, 0.43 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml). After the solution was lowered to 0 ° C, methanesulfonyl chloride (0.15 g, 1.3 mmol) was slowly added dropwise to the upper solution. The reaction solution was reacted at room temperature for 5 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was spin-dried. To the residue were added toluene (9 ml), methanol (1 ml), and water (10 ml). Sodium carbonate (2g), the solution was reacted at 85 ° C for 10h, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and then extracted with ethyl acetate (20ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation ( Eluent: dichloromethane / methanol (v / v) = 20: 1) to obtain 65 mg of the product with a yield of 27%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 545.08 (M + 1) + . 1 H NMR (400MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ8.05 (d, 2H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 6.40 (d, 1H), 5.29 (d, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.62 (d, 1H), 3.89 (d, 1H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.10 (d, 3H), 2.05 (s, 1H), 1.29 (d, 6H).

[0286]
Step 5 Synthesis of compounds L-4-S and L-4-R

[0287]
The racemic compound L-4 was separated using a chiral preparative column to obtain compounds L-4-S and L-4-R.

[0288]
Example 5 (1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1- (prop-2-yl-d 7))-1H -Pyrazol-4-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) propan-2-yl-1,1,3,3,3-d 5) methyl carbamate (compound L-5),

[0289]
(S)-(1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1- (prop-2-yl-d 7))- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) propan-2-yl-1,1,3,3,3-d 5) methyl carbamate (compound L-5-S) and

[0290]
(R)-(1-((4- (3- (5-chloro-2-fluoro-3- (methylsulfonylamino) phenyl) -1- (prop-2-yl-d 7))- 1H-pyrazol-4-yl) pyrimidin-2-yl) amino) propan-2-yl-1,1,3,3,3-d 5) Preparation of methyl carbamate (compound L-5-R) .

[0291]
WO2020011141 / pic / 4br07jLUTScNPUcnWdxxTyAAMGS9P15P0yXUsyhcCny-ABv5BZExa5YOY-Hj3wTZWdByUUB-EQbGG-h4QuoddgCTRMClBcl1WY1TjnTsnDDYTZxC6-taMQZYW1Z1WY

[0292]
WO2020011141 / pic / By6lfXwpBcoklf-47-VujG_XNVWV7ZjYOo73wMiKwo9v4cKff0K2As3lqLKG1kFOYG87EWp6SIobdq2gtEFMnxfVVVJVYVZGYZFYZVYG-ZVY-ZFY-ZF

[0293]
Take the following synthetic route:

[0294]
WO2020011141 / pic / dMfm7g9kIiR87Eo-VsdQ2-2wcdHuYsfKuUWOyKuR4SUJ3Kmoy907w2C1tLHvEDhc4vBBT2l48TSysgdivcFJmRqGQNZWYQZNYWQD

[0295]
Step 1 Synthesis of compound 16

[0296]
Under nitrogen protection, intermediate compound A (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol), intermediate compound C (0.2 g, 1.5 mmol), and sodium carbonate (0.63 g, 6.0 mmol) were added to the DMSO (20 ml) solution in this order. The temperature was raised to 90 ° C, and the reaction was stirred at this temperature for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was extracted with dichloromethane (30ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: Petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 2) to obtain 0.45 g of the product with a yield of 68%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 456.68 (M + 1) + .

[0297]
Step 2 Synthesis of Compound 17

[0298]
Under a nitrogen atmosphere, compound 16 (0.45 g, 0.98 mmol), compound 3 (0.55 g, 1.54 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.42 g, 3.95 mmol), and Pd (dppf) Cl 2 (0.08 g, 0.1 mmol) were sequentially added Into a mixed solution of toluene (20 ml) and water (4 ml), heated to 80 ° C. for 2 h. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and then extracted with ethyl acetate (30 ml × 3). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation (eluent: petroleum ether / ethyl acetate (v / v) = 1: 1), 0.40 g of the product was obtained in a yield of 70%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 574.16 (M + 1) + .

[0299]
Step 3 Synthesis of Compound 18

[0300]
A solution of 4M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (2 ml) was slowly added to a solution of compound 17 (0.40 g, 0.70 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml) at 0 ° C, and the reaction was allowed to proceed to room temperature for 6 h. After the reaction is completed, the solution is directly spin-dried and directly sent to the next step without further processing. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 474.21 (M + 1) + .

[0301]
Step 4 Synthesis of Compound L-5

[0302]
Triethylamine (0.23 g, 2.21 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 18 (0.35 g, 0.74 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 ml). After the solution was lowered to 0 ° C, methanesulfonyl chloride (0.25 g, 2.2 mmol) was slowly added dropwise to the upper solution. The reaction solution was reacted at room temperature for 5 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was spin-dried. To the residue were added toluene (9 ml), methanol (1 ml), and water (10 ml). Sodium carbonate (2g), the solution was reacted at 85 ° C for 10h, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and then extracted with ethyl acetate (20ml x 3), the organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the concentrated solution was subjected to column separation Eluent: dichloromethane / methanol (v / v) = 20: 1) to obtain 120 mg of the product in a yield of 30%. LC-MS (APCI): m / z = 552.33 (M + 1) + . 1 H NMR (400MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.02 (d, 2H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H), 6.40 (d, 1H), 5.22 (d, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.59 (d, 1H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 2.98 (d, 3H), 2.05 (s, 1H).

[0303]
Step 5 Synthesis of compounds L-5-S and L-5-R

[0304]
The racemic compound L-4 was separated using a chiral preparative column to obtain compounds L-5-S and L-5-R.

TRANILAST

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Tranilast.svg

ChemSpider 2D Image | Tranilast | C18H17NO5

Tranilast

  • Molecular FormulaC18H17NO5
  • Average mass327.331 Da
2-{[(2E)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]amino}benzoic acid
3,4-DAA
5070
53902-12-8 [RN]

Tranilast (INN, brand name Rizaben) is an antiallergic drug. It was developed by Kissei Pharmaceuticals and was approved in 1982 for use in Japan and South Korea for bronchial asthma. Indications for keloid and hypertrophic scar were added in the 1980s.

Kissei  has developed and launched tranilast in Japan and South Korea for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis. Kissei, in collaboration with  GlaxoSmithKline  was additionally developing tranilast for the prevention of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Medical uses

It is used Japan, South Korea, and China to treat asthma, keloid scars, and hypertrophic scars, and as an ophthalmic solution for allergic pink eye.[1]

It should not be taken women who are or might become pregnant, and it is secreted in breast milk.[1]

Interactions

People who are taking warfarin should not also take tranilast, as they interact.[1] It appears to inhibit UGT1A1 so will interfere with metabolism of drugs that are affected by that enzyme.[1]

Adverse effects

When given systemically, tranilast appears to cause liver damage; in a large well-conducted clinical trial it caused elevated transaminases three times the upper limit of normal in 11 percent of patients, as well as anemia, kidney failure, rash, and problems urinating.[1]

Given systemically it inhibits blood formation, causing leukopeniathrombocytopenia, and anemia.[1]

Society and culture

As of March 2018 it was marketed in Japan, China, and South Korea under the brand names Ao Te Min, Arenist, Brecrus, Garesirol, Hustigen, Krix, Lumios, Rizaben, Tramelas, Tranilast and it was marketed as a combination drug with salbutamol under the brand name Shun Qi.[2]

In 2016 the FDA proposed that tranilast be excluded from the list of active pharmaceutical ingredients that compounding pharmacies in the US could formulate with a prescription.[1]

Pharmacology

It appears to work by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells; it has been found to inhibit proliferation of fibroblasts but its biological target is not known.[3] It has been shown to inhibit the release of many cytokines in various cell types, in in vitro studies.[3] It has also been shown to inhibit NALP3 inflammasome activation and is being studied as a treatment for NALP3-driven inflammatory diseases.[4]

Chemistry

Tranilast is an analog of a metabolite of tryptophan, and its chemical name is 3′,4′-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5′).[3]

It is almost insoluble in water, easily soluble in dimethylsulfoxide, soluble in dioxane, and very slightly soluble in ether. It is photochemically unstable in solution.[3]

File:Tranilast synthesis.svg

Orally active anti-allergic agent. Prepn: K. Harita et al., DE 2402398; idem, US 3940422 (1974, 1976 both to Kissei).

Y. Kamijo, M. Kobayashi, and A. Ajisawa, Jpn. Kokai, 77/83,428 (1977) via Chem. Abstr.,

88:6,569f (1978).

Research

After promising results in three small clinical trials, tranilast was studied in a major clinical trial (the PRESTO trial) by SmithKline Beecham in partnership with Kissei for prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary revascularization,[5] but was not found effective for that application.[1][6]

As of 2016, Altacor was developing a formulation of tranilast to prevent of scarring following glaucoma surgery and had obtained an orphan designation from the EMA for this use.[7][8]

History

It was developed by Kissei and first approved in Japan and South Korea for asthma in 1982, and approved uses for keloid and hypertrophic scars were added later in the 1980s.[3]

PATENT

tranilast product case US03940422 , expired in all the regional territories.

PATENT

WO2013144916 claiming tranilast complexes and cocrystals with nicotinamide, saccharin, gentisic acid, salicylic acid, urea, 4-aminobenzoic acid and 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid

Patent

WO-2020035546

Nuformix Ltd

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020035546&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P11-K75NGV-11408-1

Novel crystalline forms of tranilast or its salts as histamine H1 receptor antagonist useful for treating allergy, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis.

Tranilast, (2-[[3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-l-oxo-2-propenyl]amino] benzoic acid, shown below), was originally developed as an anti-allergy drug due to its ability to inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, from mast cells and basophils (P. Zampini. IntJ Immunopharmacol. 1983;

Tranilast

Tranilast has been marketed in Japan, China and South Korea by Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, for allergic conditions such as allergic conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, under the Rizaben® brand name for more than thirty years. More recently tranilast has also been shown to have anti-proliferative properties. Tranilast was shown to inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts and suppress collagen synthesis (M. Isaji. Biochem Pharmacol. 1987; 36: 469-474) and also to inhibit the transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and their subsequent contraction (M. Isaji. Life Sci. 1994; 55: 287-292). This additional behaviour led to tranilast gaining additional approval for the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars.

[004] Over recent years many researchers have explored the anti-proliferative effects of tranilast to assess its potential in fibrotic and cancerous conditions. Its anti-proliferative action is believed to be due to its ability to inhibit transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b) (H. Suzawa. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1992 Oct; 60(2): 91-96). Fibrosis is a condition that can affect most organs of the body and fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen synthesis are known to be key factors in the progression of most types of fibrosis. Tranilast has been shown in-vivo to have potential beneficial effects in

numerous fibrotic conditions. Tranilast has been shown in-vivo to have potential in lung fibrosis (M. Kato. Eur RespirJ. 2013; 42(57): 2330), kidney fibrosis (DJ Kelly, J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004; 15(10): 2619-29), cardiac fibrosis (J Martin, Cardiovasc Res. 2005; 65(3): 694-701), ocular fibrosis (M J Moon, BMC Opthalmol. 2016; 16: 166) and liver fibrosis (M Uno, Hepatology. 2008; 48(1): 109-18.

[005] Tranilast’s anti-tumor action has also recently been demonstrated, in-vitro and in-vivo. Tranilast has been shown to inhibit the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of several cell lines including breast cancer (R. Chakrabarti. Anticancer Drugs. 2009 Jun; 20(5): 334-45) and prostate cancer (S. Sato. Prostate. 2010 Feb; 70(3): 229-38) cell lines. In a study of mammary carcinoma in mice tranilast was found to produce a significant reduction in metastasis (R. Chakrabarti. Anticancer Drugs. 2009 Jun; 20(5): 334-45). In a pilot study in humans, tranilast was shown to have the potential to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (K. Izumi. Anticancer Research. 2010 Jul; 30: 73077-81). In-vitro studies also showed the therapeutic potential of tranilast in glioma (M Platten. IntJ Cancer. 2001; 93:53-61), pancreatic cancer (M Hiroi, J Nippon Med Sch. 2002; 69: 224-234) and gastric carcinoma (M Yashiro, Anticancer Res. 2003; 23: 3899-3904).

[006] Given the wide range of fibrotic conditions and cancers for which tranilast could have a potential therapeutic benefit, as well as the different patient types and specific areas of the body requiring treatment, it is anticipated that patients would benefit from having multiple delivery methods for the administration of tranilast so as to best suit the patient’s needs. The pharmaceutical compositions could include, for example, a solid oral dosage, a liquid oral dosage, an injectable composition, an inhalable composition, a topical composition or a transdermal composition.

[007] Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd explored the anti-proliferative effect of tranilast in the prevention of restenosis associated with coronary intervention. In a Phase II clinical study Kissei found that the current approved dose of tranilast (300 mg/day) was insufficient to prevent restenosis and that a higher dose of 600 mg/day was needed to achieve a decrease in restenosis rates (H. Tamai, Am Heart J.1999; 138(5): 968-75). However, it was found that a 600 mg daily dosage can result in a ten-fold inter-patient variation in plasma concentrations of the drug (30-300 pmol/L) (H Kusa ma. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 143: 307-313) and in the Phase III study of tranilast for the prevention of restenosis the dose was further increased to 900mg daily (D Holmes, Circulation. 2002; 106(10): 1243-1250).

[008] The marketed oral form of tranilast (Rizaben®) contains tranilast in its pure crystalline form. Crystalline tranilast has extremely low aqueous solubility (solubility of 14.5 pg/ml in water and 0.7 pg/ml in pH 1.2 buffer solution (Society of Japanese Pharmacopoeia. 2002)). Whilst, high energy amorphous forms are often used as a means of improving the solubility of poorly soluble drug

compounds, literature shows that an amorphous form of tranilast is not completely photostable in the solid state and that it undergoes photodegradation on storage when exposed to light (S. Onoue. EurJ Pharm Sci. 2010; 39: 256-262).

[009] It is expected that the very low solubility of tranilast is a limiting factor in the oral bioavailability of the drug. Given the limited time any drug has to firstly dissolve in the

gastrointestinal tract and then be absorbed into the bloodstream, this issue will become even more limiting as the oral dose of tranilast is increased. The poor solubility of tranilast is also possibly a key factor in the high inter-patient variability reported for higher dose tranilast pharmacokinetics. As a BCS class II drug (low solubility/high permeability) it is expected that absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is hampered by the dissolution rate of the drug in gastrointestinal media as well as its overall solubility. For treatment of chronic proliferative diseases such as fibrosis and cancer it is vital for the delivery method of a drug to produce consistent, predictable plasma levels that are maintained above the minimum effective concentration. To achieve efficacious oral delivery of tranilast at higher doses there is a need for new solid forms of the drug with both high solubility and rapid dissolution rates.

[010] Given the severity of conditions involving cancer or fibrosis there is also a need for systemic treatment options by which tranilast can be delivered by healthcare specialists that do not require the patient to swallow solid oral dosage forms. Alternative dosage forms suitable for these needs could include, for example, injectable compositions, liquid oral formulations or nebulized inhaled formulations. These would require a liquid formulation of tranilast suitable for systemic delivery. [Oil] Given the potential of tranilast to treat ocular diseases, such as allergic conjunctivitis, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd recognised the need to develop an eye drop formulation of tranilast for localised treatment. However, as well as having very low aqueous solubility, tranilast is also photochemically unstable when stored in solution, resulting in significant degradation (N Hori, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1999; 47(12): 1713-1716). Therefore, the only way Kissei were able to achieve an eye drop liquid composition of tranilast was to use both solubilising and stabilising agents in the formulation (US Patent 5356620). The resulting 0.5% (w/v) eye drop formulation is currently also marketed under the Rizaben® brand name. However, the focus of this formulation and of the subsequent research that has attempted to produce alternative solution formulations of tranilast has always been solely on external delivery of tranilast using compositions such as eye drops and skin ointments etc. None of the liquid formulations of tranilast previously described have been produced for systemic delivery such as for oral or IV delivery. Excipients used in the previously reported external preparations are not suitable for systemic delivery. Also, despite the successful

development of an eye drop formulation of tranilast, the package insert of the marketed Rizaben® eye drops states that the product should not be stored in a refrigerator as crystals may precipitate.

[012] Thus, there remains a need for aqueous pharmaceutical compositions of tranilast suitable for systemic delivery. Given the potential photochemical degradation issue of long term storage of tranilast in solution and also the disadvantage of the larger storage facilities needed to store bulkier solution based formulations it would also be advantageous to develop a stable highly soluble solid form of tranilast that can be quickly dissolved at the time of treatment by the patient or healthcare provider to produce the required liquid formulation.

[013] Following efforts to make a liquid formulation of tranilast, Kissei made the statement that tranilast and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are too insoluble in water to prepare an aqueous solution (US Patent 5356620). Since that US patent the only crystalline pharmaceutically acceptable salt to have been published is the sodium salt (N Geng, Cryst. Growth Des. 2013; 13: 3546-3553). In line with the findings of Kissei the authors of this paper stated that the apparent solubility of the crystalline tranilast sodium salt is even less than that of pure tranilast. Also, when they performed a dissolution study of tranilast in a sodium containing media they found that as the tranilast dissolved it gradually precipitated out of solution as its sodium salt indicating that the sodium salt has a lower thermodynamic solubility than the pure drug. The authors of this paper also successfully prepared the non-pharmaceutically acceptable crystalline cytosine salt of tranilast. Despite this crystalline cytosine salt showing approximately a two-fold solubility improvement over pure crystalline tranilast, not only would this crystalline cytosine salt not be suitable for systemic delivery to a patient due to cytosine not having FDA acceptability but this improvement in solubility would not be great enough to produce high dose tranilast liquid formulations such as an injectable formulation.

[014] Patent application EP1946753 discloses an attempt to prepare an external preparation of tranilast and claims the preparation of ionic liquid salts of tranilast with organic amines. The inventors claim that blending tranilast with the organic amine results in a liquid form. This application does not disclose the formation of any solid state, crystalline tranilast salts with organic amines. They demonstrate that these ionic liquid forms of tranilast have higher solubility in solvents suitable for external application to the skin and that these preparations have higher photostability than pure tranilast in the same formulation. However, this improved photostability still results in a significant proportion of the tranilast being photo-degraded and would not be suitable for long term storage. Also, the solvents used for preparation of these ionic liquid salt formulations are not suitable for internal delivery of tranilast. Moreover, there is no mention in EP1946753 of improved solubility in aqueous or bio-relevant media.

PATENT

US20150119428

https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150119428

  • Tranilast, (2-[[3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]amino]benzoic acid), shown below, is a therapeutic agent that exhibits an anti-allergic effect. It has been shown to inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, from mast cells and basophils (P. Zampini. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1983; 5(5): 431-5). Tranilast has been used as an anti-allergic treatment, for several years in Japan and South Korea, for conditions such as allergic conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis.
  • Figure US20150119428A1-20150430-C00001
  • [0004]
    Tranilast is currently marketed in Japan and South Korea by Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd under the Rizaben® brand name. As well as displaying an anti-allergic effect tranilast has been shown to possess anti-proliferative properties. Tranilast was found to inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts and suppress collagen synthesis (M. Isaji. Biochem Pharmacol. 1987; 36: 469-474) and also to inhibit the transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and their subsequent contraction (M. Isaji. Life Sci. 1994; 55: 287-292). On the basis of these effects tranilast is now also indicated for the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Its anti-fibrotic action is believed to be due to its ability to inhibit transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (H. Suzawa. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1992 October; 60(2): 91-96). TGF-β induced fibroblast proliferation, differentiation and collagen synthesis are known to be key factors in the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and tranilast has been shown in-viva to have potential in the treatment of this chronic lung disease (T. Jiang. Afr J Pharm Pharmaco. 2011; 5(10): 1315-1320). Tranilast has also been shown in-vivo to be have potential beneficial effects in the treatment of airway remodelling associated with chronic asthma (S. C. Kim. J Asthma 2009; 46(9): 884-894.
  • [0005]
    It has been reported that tranilast also has activity as an angiogenesis inhibitor (M. Isaji. Br. J Pharmacol. 1997; 122(6): 1061-1066). The results of this study suggested that tranilast may be beneficial for the treatment of angiogenic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration. As well as showing inhibitory effects on mast cells and fibroblasts, tranilast has also demonstrated an ability to diminish tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from cultured macrophages (H. O. Pae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 371: 361-365) and T-cells (M. Platten. Science. 310: 850-855), and inhibited NF-kB-dependent transcriptional activation in endothelial cells (M. Spieker. Mol Pharmacol. 62: 856-863). Recent studies have revealed that tranilast attenuates inflammation and inhibits bone destruction in collagen induced arthritis in mice suggesting the possible usefulness of tranilast in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis (N. Shiota. Br. Pharmacol. 2010; 159 (3): 626-635).
  • [0006]
    As has recently been demonstrated, in-vitro and in-vivo, tranilast also possesses an anti-tumor action. Tranilast has been shown to inhibit the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of several cell lines including breast cancer (R. Chakrabarti. Anticancer Drugs. 2009 June; 20(5): 334-45) and prostate cancer (S. Sato. Prostate. 2010 February; 70(3): 229-38) cell lines. In a study of mammary carcinoma in mice tranilast was found to produce a significant reduction in metastasis (R. Chakrabarti. Anticancer Drugs. 2009 June; 20(5): 334-45). In a pilot study in humans, tranilast was shown to have the potential to improve the prognosis of patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (K. Izurni. Anticancer Research. 2010 July; 30: 73077-81).
  • [0007]
    It has been reported that tranilast has the ability to induce or enhance neurogenesis and, therefore, could be used as an agent to treat neuronal conditions such as cerebral ischernia, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, neurodegenerative trinucleotide repeat disorders, neurodegenerative lyosomal storage diseases, spinal cord injury and trauma, dementia, schizophrenia and peripheral neuropathy (A. Schneider. EP2030617).
  • [0008]
    Tranilast’s beneficial properties have been reported to have utility in several ocular conditions. Tranilast is currently approved in Japan and Korea far the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. WO2010137681 claims the use of tranilast as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for the treatment of retinal diseases. The anti-fibrotic properties of tranilast have been reported to be of benefit in maintaining the filtering blob during glaucoma surgery and this has been demonstrated in a pilot study in humans (E. Chihara.J Glaucoma. 1999; 11(2): 127-133). There have also been several reported cases of the beneficial use of tranilast in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of pterygium (C. Fukui. Jap J Opthalmol. 1999; 12: 547-549). Tsuji recently reported that tranilast may be beneficial not only in the prevention of ptergium recurrence, but also for the inhibition of symblepharon and granuloma formation (A. Tsuji. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2011; 36(4): 120-123). Collectively it has been demonstrated that tranilast possesses anti-allergic, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, neurogenesis enhancing end angiogenesis inhibitory properties and as such may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with such properties.
  • [0009]
    Tranilast occurs as a yellow crystalline powder that is identified by CAS Registry Number: 53902-12-8. As is typical of cinnamic acid derivatives (G. M. J. Schmidt J Chem. Soc. 1964: 2000) tranilast is photochemically unstable when in solution, tranforming into cis-isomer and dimer forms on exposure to light (N. Hori. Cehm Pharm Bull. 1999; 47: 1713-1716). Although pure crystalline tranilast is photochemically stable in the solid state it is practically insoluble in water (14.5 μg/ml) and acidic media (0.7 μg/ml in pH 1.2 buffer solution) (Society of Japanese Pharmacopoeia. 2002). Although tranilast has shown activity in various indications, it is possible that the therapeutic potential of the drug is currently limited by its poor solubility and photostability. High energy amorphous forms are often used as a means of improving the solubility of poorly soluble APIs, however, literature shows that amorphous solid dispersions of tranilast are not completely photostable in the solid state and that they undergo photodegradation on storage when exposed to light (S. Onoue. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2010; 39: 256-262). US20110136835 describes a combination of tranilast and allopurinol and its use in the treatment of hyperuricemia associated with gout and has one mention of a “co-crystal form”, but lacks any further description or characterization.

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CA2548281C2003-12-092013-11-12Medcrystalforms, LlcMethod of preparation of mixed phase co-crystals with active agents
JP2005314229A *2004-03-312005-11-10Rohto Pharmaceut Co LtdTranilast-containing medicine composition
JP4843824B22004-08-182011-12-21株式会社 メドレックスTopical preparation
JP2007051089A *2005-08-182007-03-01Medorekkusu:KkPreparation for external use
WO2007046544A1 *2005-10-212007-04-26Medrx Co., Ltd.Preparation for external application comprising salt of mast cell degranulation inhibitor having carboxyl group with organic amine
WO2008078730A1 *2006-12-262008-07-03Translational Research, Ltd.Preparation for transnasal application
EP2030617A12007-08-172009-03-04Sygnis Bioscience GmbH & Co. KGUse of tranilast and derivatives thereof for the therapy of neurological conditions
CN101683330A *2008-09-232010-03-31沈阳三川医药科技有限公司Oral compound pharmaceutic preparation containing tranilast and salbutamol
US20110136835A1 *2009-09-142011-06-09Nuon Therapeutics, Inc.Combination formulations of tranilast and allopurinol and methods related thereto
EP2429495A4 *2009-05-152014-01-22Shin Nippon Biomedical Lab LtdIntranasal pharmaceutical compositions with improved pharmacokinetics
WO2010137681A12009-05-292010-12-02参天製薬株式会社Prophylactic or therapeutic agent for retinal diseases comprising tranilast, method for prevention or treatment of retinal diseases, and tranilast or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and use thereof
JP2011093849A *2009-10-302011-05-12Kissei Pharmaceutical Co LtdEasily dissolvable powder inhalant composed of tranilast
JPWO2011096241A1 *2010-02-022013-06-10テルモ株式会社Bioabsorbable stent
AU2013239114B2 *2012-03-302017-07-20Nuformix LimitedTranilast compositions and cocrystals

Family To Family Citations
AU2013239114B2 *2012-03-302017-07-20Nuformix LimitedTranilast compositions and cocrystals
US10155757B22015-03-102018-12-18Vectura LimitedCrystalline form of a JAK3 kinase inhibitor
CN106344550A *2016-09-282017-01-25江苏省人民医院Application of tranilast to preparation of medicines for treating pneumoconiosis
CN107286210A *2017-06-192017-10-24昆药集团股份有限公司A kind of Acegastrodine compound and preparation method thereof, preparation and application

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h “FDA Proposed Rules” (PDF)Federal Register81 (242): 91071–91082. December 16, 2016. Another version of same published at here
  2. ^ “International brands for Tranilast”. Drugs.com. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  3. Jump up to:a b c d e Darakhshan, S; Pour, AB (January 2015). “Tranilast: a review of its therapeutic applications”. Pharmacological Research91: 15–28. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2014.10.009PMID 25447595.
  4. ^ Y. Huang et al, “Tranilast directly targets NLRP3 to treat inflammasome-driven diseases.”EMBO Mol Med., 10(4), 2018
  5. ^ “Kissei’s existing business flat but R&D pipeline should lead to growth”The Pharma Letter. 8 September 2000.
  6. ^ Holmes, D. R; Savage, M; Lablanche, J. M; Grip, L; Serruys, P. W; Fitzgerald, P; Fischman, D; Goldberg, S; Brinker, J. A; Zeiher, A. M; Shapiro, L. M; Willerson, J; Davis, B. R; Ferguson, J. J; Popma, J; King Sb, 3rd; Lincoff, A. M; Tcheng, J. E; Chan, R; Granett, J. R; Poland, M (2002). “Results of Prevention of REStenosis with Tranilast and its Outcomes (PRESTO) Trial”. Circulation106 (10): 1243–50. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000028335.31300.DAPMID 12208800.
  7. ^ “Tranilast – Altacor: ALT-401”AdisInsight. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  8. ^ “EU/3/10/756 Orphan Designation”. European Medicines Agency. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
Tranilast
Tranilast.svg
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Routes of
administration
Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: Not FDA approved
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.150.125 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C18H17NO5
Molar mass 327.336 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

///////////////Tranilast,  Rizaben, antiallergic,  Kissei Pharmaceuticals,  Japan, South Korea,  bronchial asthma,  keloid,  hypertrophic scar

LANRAPRENIB

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Lanraplenib Chemical Structure

2D chemical structure of 1800046-95-0

LANRAPLENIB

GS-9876

Phase II, GILEAD

Phase II Gilead Cutaneous lupus erythematosus

Rheumatoid arthritis

Sjogren syndrome

GS-9876
 LANRAPLENIB

Imidazo(1,2-a)pyrazin-8-amine, 6-(6-amino-2-pyrazinyl)-N-(4-(4-(3-oxetanyl)-1-piperazinyl)phenyl)-

6-(6-Aminopyrazin-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)imidazo|1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine

6-(6-Amino-2-pyrazinyl)-N-(4-(4-(3-oxetanyl)-1-piperazinyl)phenyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyrazin-8-amine

Molecular Weight

443.50

Formula

C₂₃H₂₅N₉O

CAS No.

1800046-95-0

Lanraplenib (GS-9876) is a highly selective and orally active SYK inhibitor (IC50=9.5 nM) in development for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Lanraplenib (GS-9876) inhibits SYK activity in platelets via the glycoprotein VI (GPVI) receptor without prolonging bleeding time (BT) in monkeys or humans.

Description

Lanraplenib (GS-9876) is a highly selective and orally active SYK inhibitor (IC50=9.5 nM) in development for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Lanraplenib (GS-9876) inhibits SYK activity in platelets via the glycoprotein VI (GPVI) receptor without prolonging bleeding time (BT) in monkeys or humans[1][2][3].

IC50 & Target

IC50: 9.5 nM (SYK)[1]

In Vitro

Lanraplenib (GS-9876) inhibits anti-IgM stimulated phosphorylation of AKT, BLNK, BTK, ERK, MEK, and PKCδ in human B cells with EC50 values of 24-51 nM. Lanraplenib (GS-9876) inhibits anti-IgM mediated CD69 and CD86 expression on B-cells (EC50=112±10 nM and 164±15 nM, respectively) and anti-IgM /anti-CD40 co-stimulated B cell proliferation (EC50=108±55 nM). In human macrophages, Lanraplenib (GS-9876) inhibits IC-stimulated TNFα and IL-1β release (EC50=121±77 nM and 9±17 nM, respectively)[1].
Lanraplenib (GS-9876) inhibits glycoprotein VI (GPVI)-induced phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells and phospholipase Cγ2, platelet activation and aggregation in human whole blood, and platelet binding to collagen under arterial flow[2].

Lanraplenib succinate.png

Lanraplenib succinate

1800047-00-0

UNII-QJ2PS903VZ

QJ2PS903VZ

GS-SYK Succinate

1241.3 g/mol, C58H68N18O14

6-(6-aminopyrazin-2-yl)-N-[4-[4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]phenyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine;butanedioic acid

PAPER

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00621

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00621/suppl_file/ml9b00621_si_001.pdf

Abstract Image

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a critical regulator of signaling in a variety of immune cell types such as B-cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Accordingly, there have been numerous efforts to identify compounds that selectively inhibit SYK as a means to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We previously disclosed GS-9973 (entospletinib) as a selective SYK inhibitor that is under clinical evaluation in hematological malignancies. However, a BID dosing regimen and drug interaction with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) prevented development of entospletinib in inflammatory diseases. Herein, we report the discovery of a second-generation SYK inhibitor, GS9876 (lanraplenib), which has human pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once-daily administration and is devoid of any interactions with PPI. Lanraplenib is currently under clinical evaluation in multiple autoimmune indications.

Step 6. 6-(6-Aminopyrazin-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)imidazo|1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine (39). To a solution of tert-butyl(6-(6-(bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)pyrazm-2-yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl)(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin1yl)phenyl)carbamate 45 (200 mg, 0.269 mmol) in DCM (2 ml) was added TFA (0.5 ml, 6.578 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16h, treated with saturated sodium bicarbonate, extracted with EtOAc, and purified on silica gel, eluting with 5%MeOH / EtOAc to 20%MeOH / EtOAc. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated to provide 100 mg (83% yield) of the title compound 39. m/z calcd for C23H25N9O [M+H] + 444.23, found LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H] + 444.20. 1H NMR (300 MHz d6-DMSO) δ: 9.5 (s,lH), 8.588 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.12 (d, 1H), 7.95-7.92 (d5 2H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 6.99-6.96 (d, 2H), 6.46 (s, 2H), 4.57- 4.53 (m, 2H), 4.48-4.44 (m, 2H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.12 (m, 4H), 2.41- 2.38 (m, 4H).

MORE SYNTHESIS COMING, WATCH THIS SPACE…………………..

 

SYNTHESIS

PATENT

WO 2015100217

WO 2016010809

PATENT

WO 2016172117

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2016172117

Protein kinases, the largest family of human enzymes, encompass well over 500 human proteins. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk) is a member of the Syk family of tyrosine kinases, and is a regulator of early B-cell development as well as mature B-cell activation, signaling, and survival.

Acute Graft Versus Host Disease (aGVHD), also known as fulminant Graft Versus Host Disease, generally presents symptoms within the first 100 days following allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is generally characterized by selective damage to the skin, liver, mucosa, and gastrointestinal tract. Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (cGVHD) occurs in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). GVHD is considered chronic when it occurs >100 days post-transplant, though aspects of cGVHD may manifest themselves prior to the 100 day point and overlap with elements of aGVHD. The disease has a cumulative incidence of 35-70% of transplanted patients, and has an annual incidence of approximately 3,000-5,000 and a prevalence of approximately 10,000 in the US. cGVHD is difficult to treat and is associated with worse outcomes compared to those without cGVHD. Current standard of care includes a variety of approaches including systemic corticosteroids often combined with calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, mycophenylate mofetil, or rituximab. Despite treatment, response rates are poor (40-50%) and cGVHD is associated with significant morbidity such as serious infection and impaired quality of life; the 5-year mortality is 30-50% (Blazar et al., Nature Reviews Immunology 12, 443-458, June 2012).

Human and animal models have demonstrated that aberrant B-lymphocyte signaling and survival is important in the pathogenesis of cGVHD. B-cell targeted drugs, including SYK inhibitors (fostamatinib – Sarantopoulos et al, Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 21(2015) S 11 -S 18) and BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib – Nakasone et al, Int. J. HematoL- 27 March 2015), have been shown to selectively reduce the function and frequency of aberrant GVHD B-cell populations ex vivo.

There remains a need for new methods, pharmaceutical compositions, and regimens for the treatment of GVHD, including aGVHD and cGVHD.

Example 2. Preparation of 6-(6-aminopyrazin-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l- yl)phenyl)imid azo [ 1,2-a] pyrazin-8-amine (2)

2-Bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-6-bromopyrazine XIV: To a mixture of 6-bromopyrazin-2-amine (5 g, 28.7 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (25.09 g, 1 14.94 mmol) was added DCM (10 ml) followed by DMAP (0.351 g, 29 mmol). The reaction was heated to 55 °C for lh, cooled to RT, the reaction was partitioned between water and DCM, purified on silica gel and concentrated to provide of 2-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-6-bromopyrazine XIV. LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+: 374.14. XH NMR (DMSO) δ: 8.84(d, 2H), 1.39 (s, 18H).

tert-Butyl (6-(6-(bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl)(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)carbamate XVI – CHEMISTRY A route: tert-Butyl 4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl(6-(tributylstannyl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl)carbamate V (215 mg, 0.291 mmol), was combined with 2-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-6-bromopyrazine XIV (217.58 mg, 0.581 mmol),

bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride(30.61 mg, 0.044 mmol) and 1,4-dioxane (5ml). The reaction mixture was stirred in a microwave reactor at 120 °C for 30 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated KF, extracted with EtOAc, purified on silica gel, eluted with EtOAc. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated to provide 100 mg (46% yield) of tert-butyl (6-(6-(bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl)(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)carbamate XVI. LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+: 744.4. lH NMR (300 MHz d6-DMSO) δ: 9.37 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.77 (s, 1H), 8.33 (d, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H), 7.28-7.25 (d, 2H), 6.92-6.89 (d, 2H), 4.55-4.41 (m, 4H), 3.4 (m, lH), 3.14-3. 11 (m,4H), 2,37-2.34 (m, 4H), 1.37 (s, 18H), 1.3 (s, 9H).

tert-Butyl (6-(6-(bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl)(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)carbamate XVI – CHEMISTRY B route: Step 1 : To a dry 250 mL round-bottomed flask was added 2-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino-6-bromopyrazine XIV (l .Og, l .Oequiv, 2.67mmol), KOAc (790mg, 8.02mmol, 3.0equiv), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(l ,3,2-dioxaborolane) (750mg, 2.94mmol, l . l equiv), Pd(dba) (171mg, 0.187mmol, 0.07equiv) and X-phos (128mg, 0.267mmol, O. lequiv) followed by 1,4-dioxane (25mL) and the solution was sonicated for 5 min and then purged with N2 gas for 5 min. The flask with contents was then placed under N2 atmosphere and heated at 1 10 °C for 90 min. Once full conversion to the pinacolboronate was achieved by LCMS, the reaction was removed from heat and allowed to cool to RT. Once cool, the reaction contents were filtered through Celite and the filter cake was washed 3 x 20 mL EtOAc. The resultant solution was then concentrated down to a deep red-orange

syrup providing N, N-BisBoc 6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazin-2-amine XV, which was used directly in the next step.

Step 2: The freshly formed N, N-BisBoc 6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-l ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazin-2-amine XV (2.67 mmol based on 100% conversion, 2.0 equiv based on bromide) was dissolved in 20 Ml of 1,2-dimethoxy ethane and to that solution was added tert-butyl (6-bromoimidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl)(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)carbamate IV (707mg, 1.34mmol, l .Oequiv), Na2CC>3 (283mg, 2.67mmol, 2.0equiv), Pd(PPh3)4 (155mg, 0.134mmol, 0.1 equiv) and water (l OmL) and the solution was degassed for 5 min using N2 gas. The reaction was then placed under N2 atmosphere and heated at 110 °C for 90 min. LCMS showed complete consumption of the bromide starting material and the reaction was removed from heat and allowed to cool to RT. The reaction was diluted with 100 mL water and 100 mL 20% MeOH/DCM and the organic layer was recovered, extracted 1 x sat. NaHCCb, 1 x sat brine and then dried over Na2SC>4. The solution was then filtered and concentrated down to an orange-red solid. The sample was then slurried in warm MeOH, sonicated then filtered, washing 2 x 20 mL with cold MeOH and then the cream-colored solid was dried on hi-vacuum overnight to yield 905 mg of tert-butyl (6-(6-(bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl)(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin- 1 -yl)phenyl)carbamate XVI.

6-(6-Aminopyrazin-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine (2): To a solution of tert-butyl (6-(6-(bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)pyrazin-2-yl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-yl)(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l -yl)phenyl)carbamate XVI (200 mg, 0.269 mmol) in DCM (2 ml) was added TFA (0.5 ml, 6.578 mmol). The reaction was stirred at rt for 16h, saturated sodium bicarbonate was added, extracted with EtOAC and purified on silica gel, eluted with 5%MeOH / EtOAc, 20%MeOH / EtOAc. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated to provide the title compound 2. LCMS-ESI+(m/z): [M+H]+: 444.2. lH NMR (300 MHz d6-DMSO) δ: 9.5 (s, lH), 8.588 (s, IH), 8.47 (s, IH), 8. 12 (d, IH), 7.95-7.92 (d, 2H), 7.88 (s, IH), 7.62 (s, IH), 6.99-6.96 (d, 2H), 6.46 (s, 2H), 4.57-4.53 (m, 2H), 4.48-4.44 (m, 2H), 3.43 (m, IH), 3.15-3.12 (m, 4H), 2.41 -2.38 (m, 4H).

Example 2 – Alternate Synthesis

H2S04, water 

Di-feri-butyl {6-[8-({4-[4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl]phenyl}amino)imidazo[l,2-fl]pyrazin-6-yl]pyrazin-2-yl}imidodicarbonate:

To a 720 L reactor, was added di-fer/-butyl (6-bromopyrazin-2-yl)imidodicarbonate (18.5 kg, 1.41 equiv, 49 mol), bis(pinacolato)diboron (13.8 kg, 1.56 equiv, 54 mol), potassium propionate (11.9 kg, 3.02 equiv, 106 mol), and bis(di-fer/-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl) phosphine)dichloropalladium (1.07 kg, 0.0043 equiv, 1.5 mol), followed by degassed toluene (173 L). The mixture was degassed then heated at 65 °C until the reaction was deemed complete (0% tert-butyl 2-((6-bromopyrazin-2-yl)(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-oxoacetate) by UPLC. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to 23 °C. Once cooled, 6-bromo-N-(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l -yl)phenyl)imidazo[l ,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine (15.0 kg, 1.00 equiv, 35 mol) was added and the mixture was degassed. A degassed aqueous potassium carbonate solution prepared using water (54 L) and potassium carbonate (20.6 g, 4.26 equiv, 149 mol) was then added to the reaction mixture and the reactor contents was degassed. The reactor contents was heated at 65 °C until reaction was deemed complete (1% 6-bromo-N-(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine) by UPLC. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to 24 °C.

The cooled mixture was concentrated and then diluted with dichloromethane (300 L), transferred to a 1900 L reactor and rinsed forward with dichloromethane (57 L). N-acetyl-L-cysteine (3.8 kg) was charged and the mixture was agitated for 15 h. Water (135 L) was then added and the mixture was filtered and rinsed forward with dichloromethane (68 L). The organic layer was recovered and washed with a brine solution prepared using water (68 L) and sodium chloride (7.5 kg).

The resultant organic layer was polish filtered then concentrated and fert-butyl methyl ether (89.9 kg) was slowly charged keeping the temperature at 31 °C. The contents was cooled to 0 °C and aged, then filtered and rinsed with tert-butyl methyl ether (32.7 kg) and dried at 40 °C to give 17.2 kg of di-tert-butyl {6-[8-({4-[4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl]phenyl} amino)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-6-yl]pyrazin-2-yl}imidodicarbonate.

LCMS-ESf (m/z): [M+H]+: 644.3. ΧΗ ΝΜΚ (400 MHz, CDC13) δ: 9.43 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.84 (m, 2H), 7.63 (d, 1H), 7.61 (d, 1H), 7.04 (m, 2H), 4.71 (m,4H), 3.59 (m, lH), 3.27 (m, 4H), 2.55 (m, 4H), 1.46 (s, 18H).

6-(6-Aminopyrazin-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l-yl)phenyl)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine succinate (Example 2):

To a slurry of di-tert-butyl {6-[8-({4-[4-(oxetan-3-yl)piperazin-l -yl]phenyl} amino)imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazin-6-yl]pyrazin-2-yl}imidodicarbonate (225 g, 0.35 mol, 1 mol eq.) in water (12 parts) was added a solution of sulfuric acid (3.1 parts, 6.99 mol, 20 mol eq.) in water (5 parts). The reaction was heated to ca. 40 °C and stirred at this temperature for ca. 4 h at which point the reaction is deemed complete. The reaction mixture was cooled to ca. 22 °C, acetone (3 parts) was charged and a solution of sodium carbonate (4.1 parts, 8.75 mol, 25.0 mol eq.) in water (15 parts) was added. The resulting slurry was filtered and the wet cake was washed with water in portions (4 x 1 parts), then with fert-butyl methyl ether (4 parts). The wet cake (Example 2 free base) was dried at ca. 60 °C. To the slurry of dry Example 2 free base in 2-propanol (2.3 parts) was added a solution of succinic acid (Based on the isolated Example 2 free base: 0.43 parts, 1.6 mol eq.) in 2-propanol (15 parts). The resulting slurry was heated to ca. 40 °C and stirred at this temperature for ca. 2 h and then cooled to ca. 22 °C, followed by a stir period of ca. 16 h. The slurry was filtered at ca. 22 °C and the wet cake was washed with 2-propanol (5 parts) and dried at ca. 60 °C to afford the product.

LCMS-ESI+ (m/z): [M+H]+: 620.65. ¾ NMR (400 MHz d6-DMSO) δ: 12.2 (broad s, 1.5H), 9.58 (s, IH), 8.63 (s, IH), 8.50 (s, IH), 8.15 (s, IH), 7.95 (d, 2H), 7.90 (s, IH), 7.64 (s, IH), 7.00 (d, 2H), 6.50 (s, 2H), 4.52 (dd, 4H), 3.45 (m, IH), 3.19 (m, 4H), 2.40 (m, 10H).

REF

[1]. Di Paolo J, et al. FRI0049 Preclinical Characterization of GS-9876, A Novel, Oral SYK Inhibitor That Shows Efficacy in Multiple Established Rat Models of Collagen-Induced Arthritis.Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2016;75:443-444.

[2]. Clarke AS, et al. Effects of GS-9876, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on platelet function and systemic hemostasis. Thromb Res. 2018 Oct;170:109-118.

[3]. Kivitz AJ, et al. GS-9876, a Novel, Highly Selective, SYK Inhibitor in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy Results of a Phase 2 Study [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol.2018; 70 (suppl 10).

/////////////LANRAPLENIB, GS-9876, SYK inhibitor

NC1=CN=CC(C2=CN3C(C(NC4=CC=C(N5CCN(C6COC6)CC5)C=C4)=N2)=NC=C3)=N1

Arbidol, Umifenovir,

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Arbidol.svg

ChemSpider 2D Image | Umifenovir | C22H25BrN2O3S

Umifenovir

  • Molecular FormulaC22H25BrN2O3S
  • Average mass477.414 Da
Арбидол [Russian]
阿比朵尔 [Chinese]
131707-25-0 [RN]
1H-Indole-3-carboxylic acid, 6-bromo-4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-[(phenylthio)methyl]-, ethyl ester
9271
Arbidol
Ethyl 6-bromo-4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-[(phenylsulfanyl)methyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxylate

Umifenovir[2] (trade names Arbidol RussianАрбидолChinese阿比朵尔) is an antiviral treatment for influenza infection used in Russia[3] and China. The drug is manufactured by Pharmstandard (RussianФармстандарт). Although some Russian studies have shown it to be effective, it is not approved for use in other countries. It is not approved by FDA for the treatment or prevention of influenza.[4] Chemically, umifenovir features an indole core, functionalized at all but one positions with different substituents. The drug is claimed to inhibit viral entry into target cells and stimulate the immune response. Interest in the drug has been renewed as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.

Umifenovir is manufactured and made available as tabletscapsules and syrup.

Image result for Arbidol

Arbidol Hydrochloride

  • Molecular FormulaC22H28BrClN2O4S
  • Average mass531.891 Da
  • 868364-57-2 [RN]

Status

Testing of umifenovir’s efficacy has mainly occurred in China and Russia,[5][6] and it is well known in these two countries.[7] Some of the Russian tests showed the drug to be effective[5] and a direct comparison with Tamiflu showed similar efficiency in vitro and in a clinical setting.[8] In 2007, Arbidol (umifenovir) had the highest sales in Russia among all over-the-counter drugs.

Mode of action

Biochemistry

Umifenovir inhibits membrane fusion.[3] Umifenovir prevents contact between the virus and target host cells. Fusion between the viral envelope (surrounding the viral capsid) and the cell membrane of the target cell is inhibited. This prevents viral entry to the target cell, and therefore protects it from infection.[9]

Some evidence suggests that the drug’s actions are more effective at preventing infections from RNA viruses than infections from DNA viruses.[10]

As well as specific antiviral action against both influenza A and influenza B viruses, umifenovir exhibits modulatory effects on the immune system. The drug stimulates a humoral immune response, induces interferon-production, and stimulates the phagocytic function of macrophages.[11]

Clinical application

Umifenovir is used primarily as an antiviral treatments for influenza. The drug has also been investigated as a candidate drug for treatment of hepatitis C.[12]

More recent studies indicate that umifenovir also has in vitro effectiveness at preventing entry of Ebolavirus Zaïre Kikwit, Tacaribe arenavirus and human herpes virus 8 in mammalian cell cultures, while confirming umifenovir’s suppressive effect in vitro on Hepatitis B and poliovirus infection of mammalian cells when introduced either in advance of viral infection or during infection.[13][14]

Research

In February 2020, Li Lanjuan, an expert of the National Health Commission of China, proposed using Arbidol (umifenovir) together with darunavir as a potential treatment during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[15] Chinese experts claim that preliminary tests had shown that arbidol and darunavir could inhibit replication of the virus.[16][17] So far without additional effect if added on top of recombinant human interferon α2b spray.[18]

Side effects

Side effects in children include sensitization to the drug. No known overdose cases have been reported and allergic reactions are limited to people with hypersensitivity. The LD50 is more than 4 g/kg.[19]

Criticism

In 2007, the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences stated that the effects of Arbidol (umifenovir) are not scientifically proven.[20]

Russian media criticized lobbying attempts by Tatyana Golikova (then-Minister of Healthcare) to promote umifenovir,[21] and the unproven claim that Arbidol can speed up recovery from flu or cold by 1.3-2.3 days.[22] They also debunked claims that the efficacy of umifenovir is supported by peer-reviewed studies.[23][24]

 

Clip

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X1730687X

Image result for Arbidol

 

CLIP

1,2-Dimethyl-5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid ethyl ester (I) is acetylated with acetic anhydride affording the O-acyl derivative (II) , which is brominated to the corresponding dibromide compound (III) . The reaction of (III) with thiophenol in KOH yields (IV) , which is then submitted to a conventional Mannich condensation with formaldehyde and dimethylamine in acetic acid, giving the free base of arbidol (V), which is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid .

Image result for Arbidol

References

  1. ^ “Full Prescribing Information: Arbidol® (umifenovir) film-coated tablets 50 and 100 mg: Corrections and Additions”State Register of Medicines (in Russian). Open joint-stock company “Pharmstandard-Tomskchempharm”. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  2. ^ Recommended INN: List 65., WHO Drug Information, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2011, page 91
  3. Jump up to:a b Leneva IA, Russell RJ, Boriskin YS, Hay AJ (February 2009). “Characteristics of arbidol-resistant mutants of influenza virus: implications for the mechanism of anti-influenza action of arbidol”. Antiviral Research81 (2): 132–40. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.009PMID 19028526.
  4. ^ “FDA Approved Drugs for Influenza”U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  5. Jump up to:a b Leneva IA, Fediakina IT, Gus’kova TA, Glushkov RG (2005). “[Sensitivity of various influenza virus strains to arbidol. Influence of arbidol combination with different antiviral drugs on reproduction of influenza virus A]”Terapevticheskii Arkhiv (Russian translation). ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО “МЕДИЦИНА”. 77 (8): 84–8. PMID 16206613.
  6. ^ Wang MZ, Cai BQ, Li LY, Lin JT, Su N, Yu HX, Gao H, Zhao JZ, Liu L (June 2004). “[Efficacy and safety of arbidol in treatment of naturally acquired influenza]”. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae26 (3): 289–93. PMID 15266832.
  7. ^ Boriskin YS, Leneva IA, Pécheur EI, Polyak SJ (2008). “Arbidol: a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that blocks viral fusion”. Current Medicinal Chemistry15 (10): 997–1005. doi:10.2174/092986708784049658PMID 18393857.
  8. ^ Leneva IA, Burtseva EI, Yatsyshina SB, Fedyakina IT, Kirillova ES, Selkova EP, Osipova E, Maleev VV (February 2016). “Virus susceptibility and clinical effectiveness of anti-influenza drugs during the 2010-2011 influenza season in Russia”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases43: 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.01.001PMID 26775570.
  9. ^ Boriskin YS, Pécheur EI, Polyak SJ (July 2006). “Arbidol: a broad-spectrum antiviral that inhibits acute and chronic HCV infection”Virology Journal3: 56. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-3-56PMC 1559594PMID 16854226.
  10. ^ Shi L, Xiong H, He J, Deng H, Li Q, Zhong Q, Hou W, Cheng L, Xiao H, Yang Z (2007). “Antiviral activity of arbidol against influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus and adenovirus in vitro and in vivo”. Archives of Virology152 (8): 1447–55. doi:10.1007/s00705-007-0974-5PMID 17497238.
  11. ^ Glushkov RG, Gus’kova TA, Krylova LIu, Nikolaeva IS (1999). “[Mechanisms of arbidole’s immunomodulating action]”. Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk (in Russian) (3): 36–40. PMID 10222830.
  12. ^ Pécheur EI, Lavillette D, Alcaras F, Molle J, Boriskin YS, Roberts M, Cosset FL, Polyak SJ (May 2007). “Biochemical mechanism of hepatitis C virus inhibition by the broad-spectrum antiviral arbidol”Biochemistry46 (20): 6050–9. doi:10.1021/bi700181jPMC 2532706PMID 17455911.
  13. ^ Pécheur EI, Borisevich V, Halfmann P, Morrey JD, Smee DF, Prichard M, Mire CE, Kawaoka Y, Geisbert TW, Polyak SJ (January 2016). “The Synthetic Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Globally Prevalent Pathogenic Viruses”Journal of Virology90 (6): 3086–92. doi:10.1128/JVI.02077-15PMC 4810626PMID 26739045.
  14. ^ Hulseberg CE, Fénéant L, Szymańska-de Wijs KM, Kessler NP, Nelson EA, Shoemaker CJ, Schmaljohn CS, Polyak SJ, White JM. Arbidol and Other Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs That Inhibit Lassa and Ebola Viruses. J Virol. 2019 Apr 3;93(8). pii: e02185-18. doi:10.1128/JVI.02185-18 PMID 30700611
  15. ^ Ng E (4 February 2020). “Coronavirus: are cocktail therapies for flu and HIV the magic cure?”South China Morning PostBangkok and Hangzhou hospitals put combination remedies to the test.
  16. ^ Zheng W, Lau M (4 February 2020). “China’s health officials say priority is to stop mild coronavirus cases from getting worse”South China Morning Post.
  17. ^ Lu H (January 2020). “Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV)”. Bioscience Trendsdoi:10.5582/bst.2020.01020PMID 31996494.
  18. ^ “Efficacies of lopinavir/ritonavir and abidol in the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia”. 4 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  19. ^ “АРБИДОЛ® (ARBIDOL)”Vidal. Archived from the originalon 4 February 2009.
  20. ^ “Resolution”Meetings of the Presidium of the Formulary Committee. Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 16 March 2007.
  21. ^ “How do we plant federal ministers”MKRU. 21 April 2011.
  22. ^ Golunov I (23 December 2013). “13 most popular flu cures: do they work?”Professional Journalism Platform.
  23. ^ Reuters S. “Stick in the wheel”Esquire.
  24. ^ “Repetition – the mother of learning”Esquire.

External links

Umifenovir
Arbidol.svg
Umifenovir ball-and-stick model.png
Clinical data
Trade names Arbidol
Pregnancy
category
  • C
Routes of
administration
Oral (hard capsulestablets)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 40%
Metabolism Hepatic
Elimination half-life 17–21 hours
Excretion 40% excrete as unchanged umifenovir in feces (38.9%) and urine (0.12%)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.247.800 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C22H25BrN2O3S
Molar mass 477.41 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Umifenovir is an indole-based, hydrophobic, dual-acting direct antiviral/host-targeting agent used for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza and other respiratory infections.13 It has been in use in Russia for approximately 25 years and in China since 2006. Its invention is credited to a collaboration between Russian scientists from several research institutes 40-50 years ago, and reports of its chemical synthesis date back to 1993.13 Umifenovir’s ability to exert antiviral effects through multiple pathways has resulted in considerable investigation into its use for a variety of enveloped and non-enveloped RNA and DNA viruses, including Flavivirus,2 Zika virus,3 foot-and-mouth disease,4 Lassa virus,6 Ebola virus,6 herpes simplex,8, hepatitis B and C viruses, chikungunya virus, reovirus, Hantaan virus, and coxsackie virus B5.13,9 This dual activity may also confer additional protection against viral resistance, as the development of resistance to umifenovir does not appear to be significant.13

Umifenovir is currently being investigated as a potential treatment and prophylactic agent for COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV2 infections in combination with both currently available and investigational HIV therapies.1,16,17

 

Indication

Umifenovir is currently licensed in China and Russia for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza and other respiratory viral infections.13 It has demonstrated activity against a number of viruses and has been investigated in the treatment of Flavivirus,2 Zika virus,3 foot-and-mouth disease,4 Lassa virus,6 Ebola virus,6 and herpes simplex.8 In addition, it has shown in vitro activity against hepatitis B and C viruses, chikungunya virus, reovirus, Hantaan virus, and coxsackie virus B5.13,9

Umifenovir is currently being investigated as a potential treatment and prophylactic agent for the prevention of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections.1,16

Pharmacodynamics

Umifenovir exerts its antiviral effects via both direct-acting virucidal activity and by inhibiting one (or several) stage(s) of the viral life cycle.13 Its broad-spectrum of activity covers both enveloped and non-enveloped RNA and DNA viruses. It is relatively well-tolerated and possesses a large therapeutic window – weight-based doses up to 100-fold greater than those used in humans failed to produce any pathological changes in test animals.13

Umifenovir does not appear to result in significant viral resistance. Instances of umifenovir-resistant influenza virus demonstrated a single mutation in the HA2 subunit of influenza hemagglutinin, suggesting resistance is conferred by prevention of umifenovir’s activity related to membrane fusion. The mechanism through which other viruses may become resistant to umifenovir requires further study.13

Mechanism of action

Umifenovir is considered both a direct-acting antiviral (DAA) due to direct virucidal effects and a host-targeting agent (HTA) due to effects on one or multiple stages of viral life cycle (e.g. attachment, internalization), and its broad-spectrum antiviral activity is thought to be due to this dual activity.13 It is a hydrophobic molecule capable of forming aromatic stacking interactions with certain amino acid residues (e.g. tyrosine, tryptophan), which contributes to its ability to directly act against viruses. Antiviral activity may also be due to interactions with aromatic residues within the viral glycoproteins involved in fusion and cellular recognition,5,7 with the plasma membrane to interfere with clathrin-mediated exocytosis and intracellular trafficking,10 or directly with the viral lipid envelope itself (in enveloped viruses).13,12 Interactions at the plasma membrane may also serve to stabilize it and prevent viral entry (e.g. stabilizing influenza hemagglutinin inhibits the fusion step necessary for viral entry).13

Due to umifenovir’s ability to interact with both viral proteins and lipids, it may also interfere with later stages of the viral life cycle. Some virus families, such as Flaviviridae, replicate in a subcellular compartment called the membranous web – this web requires lipid-protein interactions that may be hindered by umifenovir. Similarly, viral assembly of hepatitis C viruses is contingent upon the assembly of lipoproteins, presenting another potential target.13

Absorption

Umifenovir is rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with an estimated Tmax between 0.65-1.8 hours.14,15,13 The Cmax has been estimated as 415 – 467 ng/mL and appears to increase linearly with dose,14,15 and the AUC0-inf following oral administration has been estimated to be approximately 2200 ng/mL/h.14,15

Volume of distribution

Data regarding the volume of distribution of umifenovir are currently unavailable.

Protein binding

Data regarding protein-binding of umifenovir are currently unavailable.

Metabolism

Umifenovir is highly metabolized in the body, primarily in hepatic and intestinal microsomess, with approximately 33 metabolites having been observed in human plasma, urine, and feces.14 The principal phase I metabolic pathways include sulfoxidation, N-demethylation, and hydroxylation, followed by phase II sulfate and glucuronide conjugation. In the urine, the major metabolites were sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, while the major species in the feces was unchanged parent drug (~40%) and the M10 metabolite (~3.0%). In the plasma, the principal metabolites are M6-1, M5, and M8 – of these, M6-1 appears of most importance given its high plasma exposure and long elimination half-life (~25h), making it a potentially important player in the safety and efficacy of umifenovir.14

Enzymes involved in the metabolism of umifenovir include members of the cytochrome P450 family (primarily CYP3A4), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) family, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family (specifically UGT1A9 and UGT2B7).14,11

  1. Lu H: Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2020 Jan 28. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01020. [PubMed:31996494]
  2. Haviernik J, Stefanik M, Fojtikova M, Kali S, Tordo N, Rudolf I, Hubalek Z, Eyer L, Ruzek D: Arbidol (Umifenovir): A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drug That Inhibits Medically Important Arthropod-Borne Flaviviruses. Viruses. 2018 Apr 10;10(4). pii: v10040184. doi: 10.3390/v10040184. [PubMed:29642580]
  3. Fink SL, Vojtech L, Wagoner J, Slivinski NSJ, Jackson KJ, Wang R, Khadka S, Luthra P, Basler CF, Polyak SJ: The Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Zika Virus. Sci Rep. 2018 Jun 12;8(1):8989. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27224-4. [PubMed:29895962]
  4. Herod MR, Adeyemi OO, Ward J, Bentley K, Harris M, Stonehouse NJ, Polyak SJ: The broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus genome replication. J Gen Virol. 2019 Sep;100(9):1293-1302. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001283. Epub 2019 Jun 4. [PubMed:31162013]
  5. Kadam RU, Wilson IA: Structural basis of influenza virus fusion inhibition by the antiviral drug Arbidol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jan 10;114(2):206-214. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1617020114. Epub 2016 Dec 21. [PubMed:28003465]
  6. Hulseberg CE, Feneant L, Szymanska-de Wijs KM, Kessler NP, Nelson EA, Shoemaker CJ, Schmaljohn CS, Polyak SJ, White JM: Arbidol and Other Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs That Inhibit Lassa and Ebola Viruses. J Virol. 2019 Apr 3;93(8). pii: JVI.02185-18. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02185-18. Print 2019 Apr 15. [PubMed:30700611]
  7. Zeng LY, Yang J, Liu S: Investigational hemagglutinin-targeted influenza virus inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2017 Jan;26(1):63-73. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1269170. Epub 2016 Dec 14. [PubMed:27918208]
  8. Li MK, Liu YY, Wei F, Shen MX, Zhong Y, Li S, Chen LJ, Ma N, Liu BY, Mao YD, Li N, Hou W, Xiong HR, Yang ZQ: Antiviral activity of arbidol hydrochloride against herpes simplex virus I in vitro and in vivo. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018 Jan;51(1):98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.001. Epub 2017 Sep 7. [PubMed:28890393]
  9. Pecheur EI, Borisevich V, Halfmann P, Morrey JD, Smee DF, Prichard M, Mire CE, Kawaoka Y, Geisbert TW, Polyak SJ: The Synthetic Antiviral Drug Arbidol Inhibits Globally Prevalent Pathogenic Viruses. J Virol. 2016 Jan 6;90(6):3086-92. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02077-15. [PubMed:26739045]
  10. Blaising J, Levy PL, Polyak SJ, Stanifer M, Boulant S, Pecheur EI: Arbidol inhibits viral entry by interfering with clathrin-dependent trafficking. Antiviral Res. 2013 Oct;100(1):215-9. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.008. Epub 2013 Aug 25. [PubMed:23981392]
  11. Song JH, Fang ZZ, Zhu LL, Cao YF, Hu CM, Ge GB, Zhao DW: Glucuronidation of the broad-spectrum antiviral drug arbidol by UGT isoforms. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013 Apr;65(4):521-7. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12014. Epub 2012 Dec 24. [PubMed:23488780]
  12. Teissier E, Zandomeneghi G, Loquet A, Lavillette D, Lavergne JP, Montserret R, Cosset FL, Bockmann A, Meier BH, Penin F, Pecheur EI: Mechanism of inhibition of enveloped virus membrane fusion by the antiviral drug arbidol. PLoS One. 2011 Jan 25;6(1):e15874. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015874. [PubMed:21283579]
  13. Blaising J, Polyak SJ, Pecheur EI: Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: an update. Antiviral Res. 2014 Jul;107:84-94. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.04.006. Epub 2014 Apr 24. [PubMed:24769245]
  14. Deng P, Zhong D, Yu K, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen X: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of the antiviral drug arbidol in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Apr;57(4):1743-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02282-12. Epub 2013 Jan 28. [PubMed:23357765]
  15. Liu MY, Wang S, Yao WF, Wu HZ, Meng SN, Wei MJ: Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of two formulations of arbidol: an open-label, single-dose, randomized-sequence, two-period crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Clin Ther. 2009 Apr;31(4):784-92. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.04.016. [PubMed:19446151]
  16. Wang Z, Chen X, Lu Y, Chen F, Zhang W: Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure for four cases with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia receiving combined Chinese and Western medicine treatment. Biosci Trends. 2020 Feb 9. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.01030. [PubMed:32037389]
  17. Nature Biotechnology: Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track [Link]

 

/////////////////Arbidol, umifenovir, covid 19, corona virus, Арбидол阿比朵尔 

CCOC(=O)C1=C(CSC2=CC=CC=C2)N(C)C2=CC(Br)=C(O)C(CN(C)C)=C12

 

Image result for ARBIDOL DRUG FUTURE

https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-02/nuos-edm022620.php

Hydroxychloroquine, ヒドロキシクロロキン, гидроксихлорохин , هيدروكسيكلوروكين , 羟氯喹 ,

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ChemSpider 2D Image | hydroxychloroquine | C18H26ClN3O

 

Hydroxychloroquine
ヒドロキシクロロキン;
Formula
C18H26ClN3O
cas
118-42-3
sulphate 747-36-4
Mol weight
335.8715

 

гидроксихлорохин [Russian] [INN]
هيدروكسيكلوروكين [Arabic] [INN]
羟氯喹 [Chinese] [INN]
Oxychlorochin, Plaquenil Plaquenil®, 

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used for the prevention and treatment of certain types of malaria.[2] Specifically it is used for chloroquine-sensitive malaria.[3] Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritislupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda.[2] It is taken by mouth.[2] It is also being used as an experimental treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).[4]

Common side effects include vomitingheadache, changes in vision and muscle weakness.[2] Severe side effects may include allergic reactions.[2] Although all risk cannot be excluded it remains a treatment for rheumatic disease during pregnancy.[5] Hydroxychloroquine is in the antimalarial and 4-aminoquinoline families of medication.[2]

Hydroxychloroquine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1955.[2] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[6] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$4.65 per month as of 2015, when used for rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.[7] In the United States the wholesale cost of a month of treatment is about US$25 as of 2020.[8] In the United Kingdom this dose costs the NHS about £ 5.15.[9] In 2017, it was the 128th most prescribed medication in the United States with more than five million prescriptions.[10]

Medical use

Hydroxychloroquine treats malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic disorders like rheumatoid arthritisporphyria cutanea tarda, and Q fever.[2]

In 2014, its efficacy to treat Sjögren syndrome was questioned in a double-blind study involving 120 patients over a 48-week period.[11]

Hydroxychloroquine is widely used in the treatment of post-Lyme arthritis. It may have both an anti-spirochaete activity and an anti-inflammatory activity, similar to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.[12]

Contraindications

The drug label advises that hydroxychloroquine should not be prescribed to individuals with known hypersensitivity to 4-Aminoquinoline compounds.[13] There are a range of other contraindications[14] [15] and caution is required if patients have certain heart conditions, diabetes, psoriasis etc.

Side effects[

The most common adverse effects are a mild nausea and occasional stomach cramps with mild diarrhea. The most serious adverse effects affect the eye, with dose-related retinopathy as a concern even after hydroxychloroquine use is discontinued.[2] For short-term treatment of acute malaria, adverse effects can include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, heart problems, reduced appetite, headache, nausea and vomiting.[2]

For prolonged treatment of lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, adverse effects include the acute symptoms, plus altered eye pigmentation, acneanemia, bleaching of hair, blisters in mouth and eyes, blood disorders, convulsions, vision difficulties, diminished reflexes, emotional changes, excessive coloring of the skin, hearing loss, hives, itching, liver problems or liver failureloss of hair, muscle paralysis, weakness or atrophy, nightmares, psoriasis, reading difficulties, tinnitus, skin inflammation and scaling, skin rash, vertigoweight loss, and occasionally urinary incontinence.[2] Hydroxychloroquine can worsen existing cases of both psoriasis and porphyria.[2]

Children may be especially vulnerable to developing adverse effects from hydroxychloroquine.[2]

Eyes

One of the most serious side effects is retinopathy (generally with chronic use).[2][16] People taking 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine or less per day generally have a negligible risk of macular toxicity, whereas the risk begins to go up when a person takes the medication over 5 years or has a cumulative dose of more than 1000 grams. The daily safe maximum dose for eye toxicity can be computed from one’s height and weight using this calculator. Cumulative doses can also be calculated from this calculator. Macular toxicity is related to the total cumulative dose rather than the daily dose. Regular eye screening, even in the absence of visual symptoms, is recommended to begin when either of these risk factors occurs.[17]

Toxicity from hydroxychloroquine may be seen in two distinct areas of the eye: the cornea and the macula. The cornea may become affected (relatively commonly) by an innocuous cornea verticillata or vortex keratopathy and is characterized by whorl-like corneal epithelial deposits. These changes bear no relationship to dosage and are usually reversible on cessation of hydroxychloroquine.

The macular changes are potentially serious. Advanced retinopathy is characterized by reduction of visual acuity and a “bull’s eye” macular lesion which is absent in early involvement.

Overdose

Due to rapid absorption, symptoms of overdose can occur within a half an hour after ingestion. Overdose symptoms include convulsions, drowsiness, headache, heart problems or heart failure, difficulty breathing and vision problems.

Hydroxychloroquine overdoses are rarely reported, with 7 previous cases found in the English medical literature. In one such case, a 16-year-old girl who had ingested a handful of hydroxychloroquine 200mg presented with tachycardia (heart rate 110 beats/min), hypotension (systolic blood pressure 63 mm Hg), central nervous system depression, conduction defects (ORS = 0.14 msec), and hypokalemia (K = 2.1 meq/L). Treatment consisted of fluid boluses and dopamine, oxygen, and potassium supplementation. The presence of hydroxychloroquine was confirmed through toxicologic tests. The patient’s hypotension resolved within 4.5 hours, serum potassium stabilized in 24 hours, and tachycardia gradually decreased over 3 days.[18]

Interactions

The drug transfers into breast milk and should be used with care by pregnant or nursing mothers.[citation needed]

Care should be taken if combined with medication altering liver function as well as aurothioglucose (Solganal), cimetidine (Tagamet) or digoxin (Lanoxin). HCQ can increase plasma concentrations of penicillamine which may contribute to the development of severe side effects. It enhances hypoglycemic effects of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents. Dose altering is recommended to prevent profound hypoglycemiaAntacids may decrease the absorption of HCQ. Both neostigmine and pyridostigmine antagonize the action of hydroxychloroquine.[19]

While there may be a link between hydroxychloroquine and hemolytic anemia in those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, this risk may be low in those of African descent.[20]

Specifically, the FDA drug label for hydroxychloroquine lists the following drug interactions [13]:

  • Digoxin (wherein it may result in increased serum digoxin levels)
  • Insulin or antidiabetic drugs (wherein it may enhance the effects of a hypoglycemic treatment)
  • Drugs that prolong QT interval and other arrhythmogenic drugs (as Hydroxychloroquine prolongs the QT interval and may increase the risk of inducing ventricular arrhythmias if used concurrently)
  • Mefloquine and other drugs known to lower the convulsive threshold (co-administration with other antimalarials known to lower the convulsion threshold may increase risk of convulsions)
  • Antiepileptics (concurrent use may impair the antiepileptic activity)
  • Methotrexate (combined use is unstudied and may increase the frequency of side effects)
  • Cyclosporin (wherein an increased plasma cylcosporin level was reported when used together).

Pharmacology[

Pharmacokinetics

Hydroxychloroquine has similar pharmacokinetics to chloroquine, with rapid gastrointestinal absorption and elimination by the kidneys. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2D62C83A4 and 3A5) metabolize hydroxychloroquine to N-desethylhydroxychloroquine.[21]

Pharmacodynamics

Antimalarials are lipophilic weak bases and easily pass plasma membranes. The free base form accumulates in lysosomes (acidic cytoplasmic vesicles) and is then protonated,[22] resulting in concentrations within lysosomes up to 1000 times higher than in culture media. This increases the pH of the lysosome from 4 to 6.[23] Alteration in pH causes inhibition of lysosomal acidic proteases causing a diminished proteolysis effect.[24] Higher pH within lysosomes causes decreased intracellular processing, glycosylation and secretion of proteins with many immunologic and nonimmunologic consequences.[25] These effects are believed to be the cause of a decreased immune cell functioning such as chemotaxisphagocytosis and superoxide production by neutrophils.[26] HCQ is a weak diprotic base that can pass through the lipid cell membrane and preferentially concentrate in acidic cytoplasmic vesicles. The higher pH of these vesicles in macrophages or other antigen-presenting cells limits the association of autoantigenic (any) peptides with class II MHC molecules in the compartment for peptide loading and/or the subsequent processing and transport of the peptide-MHC complex to the cell membrane.[27]

Mechanism of action

Hydroxychloroquine increases[28] lysosomal pH in antigen-presenting cells. In inflammatory conditions, it blocks toll-like receptors on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs).[citation needed] Hydroxychloroquine, by decreasing TLR signaling, reduces the activation of dendritic cells and the inflammatory process. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR 9) recognizes DNA-containing immune complexes and leads to the production of interferon and causes the dendritic cells to mature and present antigen to T cells, therefore reducing anti-DNA auto-inflammatory process.

In 2003, a novel mechanism was described wherein hydroxychloroquine inhibits stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 family receptors. TLRs are cellular receptors for microbial products that induce inflammatory responses through activation of the innate immune system.[29]

As with other quinoline antimalarial drugs, the mechanism of action of quinine has not been fully resolved. The most accepted model is based on hydrochloroquinine and involves the inhibition of hemozoin biocrystallization, which facilitates the aggregation of cytotoxic heme. Free cytotoxic heme accumulates in the parasites, causing their deaths.[citation needed]

Brand names

It is frequently sold as a sulfate salt known as hydroxychloroquine sulfate.[2] 200 mg of the sulfate salt is equal to 155 mg of the base.[2]

Brand names of hydroxychloroquine include Plaquenil, Hydroquin, Axemal (in India), Dolquine, Quensyl, Quinoric.[30]

Research

COVID-19

Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been recommended by Chinese and South Korean health authorities for the experimental treatment of COVID-19.[31][32] In vitro studies in cell cultures demonstrated that hydroxychloroquine was more potent than chloroquine against SARS-CoV-2.[33]

On 17 March 2020, the AIFA Scientific Technical Commission of the Italian Medicines Agency expressed a favorable opinion on including the off-label use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.[34]

 

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https://d-nb.info/1166863441/34

white solid (0.263 g, 78%). 1H NMR
(600 MHz, CDCl3
) δ 8.48 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J = 8.8, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (sx,J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (m, 2H), 2.57 (m, 5H), 2.49 (m, 2H),
1.74–1.62 (m, 1H), 1.65–1.53 (m, 3H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H),
1.24 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H);

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.2,
149.5, 149.2, 135.0, 129.0, 125.4, 121.2, 117.4, 99.4, 58.6, 54.9,
53.18, 48.5, 47.9, 34.5, 24.1, 20.6, 11.9. Spectra were obtained
in accordance with those previously reported [38,39].

38. Cornish, C. A.; Warren, S. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1985,
2585–2598. doi:10.1039/P19850002585
39. Münstedt, R.; Wannagat, U.; Wrobel, D. J. Organomet. Chem. 1984,
264, 135–148. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(84)85139-6

 

 

References

  1. Jump up to:a b “Hydroxychloroquine Use During Pregnancy”Drugs.com. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p “Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Monograph for Professionals”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  3. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 463. ISBN 9781284057560.
  4. ^ Cortegiani, Andrea; Ingoglia, Giulia; Ippolito, Mariachiara; Giarratano, Antonino; Einav, Sharon (10 March 2020). “A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19”Journal of Critical Caredoi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005ISSN 0883-9441.
  5. ^ Flint, Julia; Panchal, Sonia; Hurrell, Alice; van de Venne, Maud; Gayed, Mary; Schreiber, Karen; Arthanari, Subha; Cunningham, Joel; Flanders, Lucy; Moore, Louise; Crossley, Amy (1 September 2016). “BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding – Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids”Rheumatology55 (9): 1693–1697. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev404ISSN 1462-0324.
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  7. ^ “Single Drug Information | International Medical Products Price Guide”. Retrieved 31 December 2019.[dead link]
  8. ^ “NADAC as of 2019-08-07”Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 19 March 2020Typical dose is 600mg per day. Costs 0.28157 per dose. Month has about 30 days.
  9. ^ British national formulary: BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 730. ISBN 9780857111562.
  10. ^ “The Top 300 of 2020”ClinCalc. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  11. ^ Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Symptomatic Improvement in Primary Sjögren Syndrome, Gottenberg, et al. (2014) “Archived copy”Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  12. ^ Steere, AC; Angelis, SM (October 2006). “Therapy for Lyme Arthritis: Strategies for the Treatment of Antibiotic-refractory Arthritis”. Arthritis and Rheumatism54 (10): 3079–86. doi:10.1002/art.22131PMID 17009226.
  13. Jump up to:a b “Plaquenil- hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablet”DailyMed. 3 January 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  14. ^ “Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate) dose, indications, adverse effects, interactions”pdr.net. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  15. ^ “Drugs & Medications”webmd.com. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  16. ^ Flach, AJ (2007). “Improving the Risk-benefit Relationship and Informed Consent for Patients Treated with Hydroxychloroquine”Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society105: 191–94, discussion 195–97. PMC 2258132PMID 18427609.
  17. ^ Marmor, MF; Kellner, U; Lai, TYY; Lyons, JS; Mieler, WF (February 2011). “Revised Recommendations on Screening for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy”. Ophthalmology118 (2): 415–22. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.11.017PMID 21292109.
  18. ^ Marquardt, Kathy; Albertson, Timothy E. (1 September 2001). “Treatment of hydroxychloroquine overdose”The American Journal of Emergency Medicine19 (5): 420–424. doi:10.1053/ajem.2001.25774ISSN 0735-6757PMID 11555803.
  19. ^ “Russian Register of Medicines: Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) Film-coated Tablets for Oral Use. Prescribing Information” (in Russian). Sanofi-Synthelabo. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  20. ^ Mohammad, Samya; Clowse, Megan E. B.; Eudy, Amanda M.; Criscione-Schreiber, Lisa G. (March 2018). “Examination of Hydroxychloroquine Use and Hemolytic Anemia in G6PDH-Deficient Patients”. Arthritis Care & Research70 (3): 481–485. doi:10.1002/acr.23296ISSN 2151-4658PMID 28556555.
  21. ^ Kalia, S; Dutz, JP (2007). “New Concepts in Antimalarial Use and Mode of Action in Dermatology”. Dermatologic Therapy20 (4): 160–74. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00131.xPMID 17970883.
  22. ^ Kaufmann, AM; Krise, JP (2007). “Lysosomal Sequestration of Amine-containing Drugs: Analysis and Therapeutic Implications”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences96 (4): 729–46. doi:10.1002/jps.20792PMID 17117426.
  23. ^ Ohkuma, S; Poole, B (1978). “Fluorescence Probe Measurement of the Intralysosomal pH in Living Cells and the Perturbation of pH by Various Agents”Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America75 (7): 3327–31. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.7.3327PMC 392768PMID 28524.
  24. ^ Ohkuma, S; Chudzik, J; Poole, B (1986). “The Effects of Basic Substances and Acidic Ionophores on the Digestion of Exogenous and Endogenous Proteins in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages”The Journal of Cell Biology102 (3): 959–66. doi:10.1083/jcb.102.3.959PMC 2114118PMID 3949884.
  25. ^ Oda, K; Koriyama, Y; Yamada, E; Ikehara, Y (1986). “Effects of Weakly Basic Amines on Proteolytic Processing and Terminal Glycosylation of Secretory Proteins in Cultured Rat Hepatocytes”The Biochemical Journal240 (3): 739–45. doi:10.1042/bj2400739PMC 1147481PMID 3493770.
  26. ^ Hurst, NP; French, JK; Gorjatschko, L; Betts, WH (1988). “Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Inhibit Multiple Sites in Metabolic Pathways Leading to Neutrophil Superoxide Release”. The Journal of Rheumatology15 (1): 23–27. PMID 2832600.
  27. ^ Fox, R (1996). “Anti-malarial Drugs: Possible Mechanisms of Action in Autoimmune Disease and Prospects for Drug Development”. Lupus5: S4–10. doi:10.1177/096120339600500103PMID 8803903.
  28. ^ Waller; et al. Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2nd ed.). p. 370.
  29. ^ Takeda, K; Kaisho, T; Akira, S (2003). “Toll-Like Receptors”. Annual Review of Immunology21: 335–76. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126PMID 12524386.
  30. ^ “Hydroxychloroquine trade names”Drugs-About.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  31. ^ “Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia”China Law Translate. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  32. ^ “Physicians work out treatment guidelines for coronavirus”Korea Biomedical Review. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 18 March2020.
  33. ^ Yao, Xueting; Ye, Fei; Zhang, Miao; Cui, Cheng; Huang, Baoying; Niu, Peihua; Liu, Xu; Zhao, Li; Dong, Erdan; Song, Chunli; Zhan, Siyan (9 March 2020). “In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”. Clinical Infectious Diseasesdoi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237ISSN 1537-6591PMID 32150618.
  34. ^ “Azioni intraprese per favorire la ricerca e l’accesso ai nuovi farmaci per il trattamento del COVID-19”Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) (in Italian). 17 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March2020.

External links

 

Hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine.svg
Hydroxychloroquine.png
Hydroxychloroquine freebase molecule
Clinical data
Trade names Plaquenil, others
Other names Hydroxychloroquine sulfate
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a601240
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D [1]
  • US: N (Not classified yet) [1]
Routes of
administration
By mouth (tablets)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Variable (74% on average); Tmax = 2–4.5 hours
Protein binding 45%
Metabolism Liver
Elimination half-life 32–50 days
Excretion Mostly Kidney (23–25% as unchanged drug), also biliary (<10%)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.864 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C18H26ClN3O
Molar mass 335.872 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

 

///////////Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxy chloroquine, HCQ, ヒドロキシクロロキン , covid 19, coronavirus, antimalarial, гидроксихлорохинهيدروكسيكلوروكين羟氯喹Oxychlorochin, Plaquenil Plaquenil®, 

Nitazoxanide ニタゾキサニド;

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Nitazoxanide

Image result for nitazoxanide SYNTHESIS

Nitazoxanide

Formula
C12H9N3O5S
Exact mass
307.0263
Mol weight
307.282
Nitazoxanide
CAS Registry Number: 55981-09-4
CAS Name: 2-(Acetyloxy)-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide
Additional Names: N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)salicylamide acetate (ester); 2-(2¢-acetoxy)benzamido-5-nitrothiazole
Manufacturers’ Codes: PH-5776
Trademarks: Alinia (Romark); Cryptaz (Romark)
Molecular Formula: C12H9N3O5S
Molecular Weight: 307.28
Percent Composition: C 46.90%, H 2.95%, N 13.67%, O 26.03%, S 10.44%
Literature References: Broad spectrum antiparasitic agent; inhibits pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Prepn: J. F. Rossignol, R. Cavier, DE 2438037eidem, US 3950351 (1975, 1976 both to S.P.R.L. Phavic); and antiparasitic activity: R. Cavier et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. – Chim. Ther. 13, 539 (1978). Antibacterial spectrum in vitro: L Dubreuil et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2266 (1996). Toxicology: J. R. Murphy, J.-C. Friedmann, J. Appl. Toxicol. 5, 49 (1985). Clinical pharmacokinetics: A. Stockis et al., Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 34, 349 (1996). Clinical trial in intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections: H. Abaza et al., Curr. Ther. Res. 59, 116 (1998). Review of mechanism of action and clinical experience: H. M. Gilles, P. S. Hoffman, Trends Parasitol. 18, 95-97 (2002).
Properties: Light yellow crystalline powder. Crystals from methanol, mp 202°. Poorly sol in ethanol. Practically insol in water. LD50 orally in male, female mice: 1350, 1380 mg/kg; in rats: >10 g/kg (Murphy, Friedmann).
Melting point: mp 202°
Toxicity data: LD50 orally in male, female mice: 1350, 1380 mg/kg; in rats: >10 g/kg (Murphy, Friedmann)
Therap-Cat: Anthelmintic (cestodes); antiprotozoal (Cryptosporidium).
Keywords: Anthelmintic (Cestodes); Antiprotozoal (Cryptosporidium).

Nitazoxanide is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is used in medicine for the treatment of various helminthicprotozoal, and viral infections.[4][5][6] It is indicated for the treatment of infection by Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in immunocompetent individuals and has been repurposed for the treatment of influenza.[1][6] Nitazoxanide has also been shown to have in vitro antiparasitic activity and clinical treatment efficacy for infections caused by other protozoa and helminths;[4][7] emerging evidence suggests that it possesses efficacy in treating a number of viral infections as well.[6]

Chemically, nitazoxanide is the prototype member of the thiazolides, a class of drugs which are synthetic nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide derivatives with antiparasitic and antiviral activity.[4][6][8] Tizoxanide, an active metabolite of nitazoxanide in humans, is also an antiparasitic drug of the thiazolide class.[4][9]

Uses

Nitazoxanide is an effective first-line treatment for infection by Blastocystis species[10][11] and is indicated for the treatment of infection by Cryptosporidium parvum or Giardia lamblia in immunocompetent adults and children.[1] It is also an effective treatment option for infections caused by other protozoa and helminths (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica,[12] Hymenolepis nana,[13] Ascaris lumbricoides,[14] and Cyclospora cayetanensis[15]).[7]

As of September 2015, it is in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment influenza due to its inhibitory effect on a broad range of influenza virus subtypes and efficacy against influenza viruses that are resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir.[6][16] Nitazoxanide is also being researched as a potential treatment for chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis Crotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis.[6]

Chronic hepatitis B

Nitazoxanide alone has shown preliminary evidence of efficacy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B over a one-year course of therapy.[17] Nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily resulted in a decrease in serum HBV DNA in all of 4 HBeAg-positive patients, with undetectable HBV DNA in 2 of 4 patients, loss of HBeAg in 3 patients, and loss of HBsAg in one patient. Seven of 8 HBeAg-negative patients treated with nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily had undetectable HBV DNA and 2 had loss of HBsAg. Additionally, nitazoxanide monotherapy in one case and nitazoxanide plus adefovir in another case resulted in undetectable HBV DNA, loss of HBeAg and loss of HBsAg.[18] These preliminary studies showed a higher rate of HBsAg loss than any currently licensed therapy for chronic hepatitis B. The similar mechanism of action of interferon and nitazoxanide suggest that stand-alone nitazoxanide therapy or nitazoxanide in concert with nucleos(t)ide analogs have the potential to increase loss of HBsAg, which is the ultimate end-point of therapy. A formal phase Ⅱ study is being planned for 2009.[19]

Chronic hepatitis C

Romark initially decided to focus on the possibility of treating chronic hepatitis C with nitazoxanide.[20] The drug garnered interest from the hepatology community after three phase II clinical trials involving the treatment of hepatitis C with nitazoxanide produced positive results for treatment efficacy and similar tolerability to placebo without any signs of toxicity.[20] A meta-analysis from 2014 concluded that the previous held trials were of low-quality and with held with a risk of bias. The authors concluded that more randomized trials with low risk of bias are needed to give any determine if Nitazoxanide can be used as an effective treatment for chronic hepatitis C patients.[21]

Clinical trials

Nitazoxanide has gone through Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of hepatitis C, in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin.[22][23]Romark Laboratories has announced encouraging results from international Phase I and II clinical trials evaluating a controlled release version of nitazoxanide in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The company used 675 mg and 1,350 mg twice daily doses of controlled release nitazoxanide showed favorable safety and tolerability throughout the course of the study, with mild to moderate adverse events. Primarily GI-related adverse events were reported.

A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study published in 2006, with a group of 38 young children (Lancet, vol 368, page 124-129)[24] concluded that a 3-day course of nitazoxanide significantly reduced the duration of rotavirus disease in hospitalized pediatric patients. Dose given was “7.5 mg/kg twice daily” and the time of resolution was “31 hours for those given nitazoxanide compared with 75 hours for those in the placebo group.” Rotavirus is the most common infectious agent associated with diarrhea in the pediatric age group worldwide.

Teran et al.. conducted a study at the Pediatric Center Albina Patinö, a reference hospital in the city of Cochabamba, Bolivia, from August 2007 to February 2008. The study compared nitazoxanide and probiotics in the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea. They found Small differences in favor of nitazoxanide in comparison with probiotics and concluded that nitazoxanide is an important treatment option for rotavirus diarrhea.[17]

Lateef et al.. conducted a study in India that evaluated the effectiveness of nitazoxanide in the treatment of beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) infection. They concluded that nitazoxanide is a safe, effective, inexpensive, and well-tolerated drug for the treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) infection.[18]

A retrospective review of charts of patients treated with nitazoxanide for trichomoniasis by Michael Dan and Jack D. Sobel demonstrated negative result. They reported three case studies; two of which with metronidazole-resistant infections. In Case 3, they reported the patient to be cured with high divided dose tinidazole therapy. They used a high dosage of the drug (total dose, 14–56 g) than the recommended standard dosage (total dose, 3 g) and observed a significant adverse reaction (poorly tolerated nausea) only with the very high dose (total dose, 56 g). While confirming the safety of the drug, they showed nitazoxanide is ineffective for the treatment of trichomoniasis.[25]

Contraindications

Nitazoxanide is contraindicated only in individuals who have experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to nitazoxanide or the inactive ingredients of a nitazoxanide formulation.[1]

Adverse effects

The side effects of nitazoxanide do not significantly differ from a placebo treatment for giardiasis;[1] these symptoms include stomach pain, headache, upset stomach, vomiting, discolored urine, excessive urinating, skin rash, itching, fever, flu syndrome, and others.[1][26] Nitazoxanide does not appear to cause any significant adverse effects when taken by healthy adults.[1][2]

Overdose

Information on nitazoxanide overdose is limited. Oral doses of 4 grams in healthy adults do not appear to cause any significant adverse effects.[1][2] In various animals, the oral LD50 is higher than 10 g/kg.[1]

Interactions

Due to the exceptionally high plasma protein binding (>99.9%) of nitazoxanide’s metabolite, tizoxanide, the concurrent use of nitazoxanide with other highly plasma protein-bound drugs with narrow therapeutic indices (e.g., warfarin) increases the risk of drug toxicity.[1] In vitro evidence suggests that nitazoxanide does not affect the CYP450 system.[1]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

The anti-protozoal activity of nitazoxanide is believed to be due to interference with the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme-dependent electron transfer reaction which is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism.[1][8] PFOR inhibition may also contribute to its activity against anaerobic bacteria.[27]

It has also been shown to have activity against influenza A virus in vitro.[28] The mechanism appears to be by selectively blocking the maturation of the viral hemagglutinin at a stage preceding resistance to endoglycosidase H digestion. This impairs hemagglutinin intracellular trafficking and insertion of the protein into the host plasma membrane.

Nitazoxanide modulates a variety of other pathways in vitro, including glutathione-S-transferase and glutamate-gated chloride ion channels in nematodes, respiration and other pathways in bacteria and cancer cells, and viral and host transcriptional factors.[27]

Pharmacokinetics

Following oral administration, nitazoxanide is rapidly hydrolyzed to the pharmacologically active metabolite, tizoxanide, which is 99% protein bound.[1][9] Tizoxanide is then glucuronide conjugated into the active metabolite, tizoxanide glucuronide.[1] Peak plasma concentrations of the metabolites tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide are observed 1–4 hours after oral administration of nitazoxanide, whereas nitazoxanide itself is not detected in blood plasma.[1]

Roughly ​23 of an oral dose of nitazoxanide is excreted as its metabolites in feces, while the remainder of the dose excreted in urine.[1] Tizoxanide is excreted in the urinebile and feces.[1] Tizoxanide glucuronide is excreted in urine and bile.[1]

Chemistry

History

Nitazoxanide is the prototype member of the thiazolides, which is a drug class of structurally-related broad-spectrum antiparasitic compounds.[4] Nitazoxanide is a light yellow crystalline powder. It is poorly soluble in ethanol and practically insoluble in water.

Nitazoxanide was originally discovered in the 1980s by Jean-François Rossignol at the Pasteur Institute. Initial studies demonstrated activity versus tapewormsIn vitro studies demonstrated much broader activity. Dr. Rossignol co-founded Romark Laboratories, with the goal of bringing nitazoxanide to market as an anti-parasitic drug. Initial studies in the USA were conducted in collaboration with Unimed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Marietta, GA) and focused on development of the drug for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Controlled trials began shortly after the advent of effective anti-retroviral therapies. The trials were abandoned due to poor enrollment and the FDA rejected an application based on uncontrolled studies.

Subsequently, Romark launched a series of controlled trials. A placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in cryptosporidiosis demonstrated significant clinical improvement in adults and children with mild illness. Among malnourished children in Zambia with chronic cryptosporidiosis, a three-day course of therapy led to clinical and parasitologic improvement and improved survival. In Zambia and in a study conducted in Mexico, nitazoxanide was not successful in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in advanced infection with human immunodeficiency virus at the doses used. However, it was effective in patients with higher CD4 counts. In treatment of giardiasis, nitazoxanide was superior to placebo and comparable to metronidazole. Nitazoxanide was successful in the treatment of metronidazole-resistant giardiasis. Studies have suggested efficacy in the treatment of cyclosporiasisisosporiasis, and amebiasis.[29] Recent studies have also found it to be effective against beef tapeworm(Taenia saginata).[30]

Research

Nitazoxanide is also under investigation for the treatment of COVID-19.[31]

Pharmaceutical products

Dosage forms

Nitazoxanide is currently available in two oral dosage forms: a tablet (500 mg) and an oral suspension (100 mg per 5 ml when reconstituted).[1]

An extended release tablet (675 mg) has been used in clinical trials for chronic hepatitis C; however, this form is not currently marketed and available for prescription.[20]

Brand names

Nitazoxanide is sold under the brand names Adonid, Alinia, Allpar, Annita, Celectan, Colufase, Daxon, Dexidex, Diatazox, Kidonax, Mitafar, Nanazoxid, Parazoxanide, Netazox, Niazid, Nitamax, Nitax, Nitaxide, Nitaz, Nizonide, NT-TOX, Pacovanton, Paramix, Toza, and Zox.

SYN

Image result for nitazoxanide SYNTHESIS

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960894X11002848

CLIP

Image result for nitazoxanide SYNTHESIS

Image result for nitazoxanide SYNTHESIS

CLIP

Image result for nitazoxanide SYNTHESIS

PATENT

Image result for nitazoxanide SYNTHESIS

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN105175352A/zh

 

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w “Nitazoxanide Prescribing Information” (PDF). Romark Pharmaceuticals. August 2013. pp. 1–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e Stockis A, Allemon AM, De Bruyn S, Gengler C (May 2002). “Nitazoxanide pharmacokinetics and tolerability in man using single ascending oral doses”. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther40 (5): 213–220. doi:10.5414/cpp40213PMID 12051573.
  3. ^ “Nitazoxanide”PubChem Compound. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  4. Jump up to:a b c d e Di Santo N, Ehrisman J (2013). “Research perspective: potential role of nitazoxanide in ovarian cancer treatment. Old drug, new purpose?”Cancers (Basel)5 (3): 1163–1176. doi:10.3390/cancers5031163PMC 3795384PMID 24202339Nitazoxanide [NTZ: 2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide] is a thiazolide antiparasitic agent with excellent activity against a wide variety of protozoa and helminths.  … Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a main compound of a class of broad-spectrum anti-parasitic compounds named thiazolides. It is composed of a nitrothiazole-ring and a salicylic acid moiety which are linked together by an amide bond … NTZ is generally well tolerated, and no significant adverse events have been noted in human trials [13]. … In vitro, NTZ and tizoxanide function against a wide range of organisms, including the protozoal species Blastocystis hominis, C. parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, G. lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis [13]
  5. ^ White CA (2004). “Nitazoxanide: a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent”. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther2 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1586/14787210.2.1.43PMID 15482170.
  6. Jump up to:a b c d e f Rossignol JF (October 2014). “Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent”. Antiviral Res110: 94–103. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014PMID 25108173Originally developed and commercialized as an antiprotozoal agent, nitazoxanide was later identified as a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral drug and has been repurposed for the treatment of influenza. … From a chemical perspective, nitazoxanide is the scaffold for a new class of drugs called thiazolides. These small-molecule drugs target host-regulated processes involved in viral replication. … A new dosage formulation of nitazoxanide is presently undergoing global Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of influenza. Nitazoxanide inhibits a broad range of influenza A and B viruses including influenza A(pH1N1) and the avian A(H7N9) as well as viruses that are resistant to neuraminidase inhibitors. … Nitazoxanide also inhibits the replication of a broad range of other RNA and DNA viruses including respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, coronavirus, rotavirus, norovirus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus in cell culture assays. Clinical trials have indicated a potential role for thiazolides in treating rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis and chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. Ongoing and future clinical development is focused on viral respiratory infections, viral gastroenteritis and emerging infections such as dengue fever.
  7. Jump up to:a b Anderson, V. R.; Curran, M. P. (2007). “Nitazoxanide: A review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections”. Drugs67(13): 1947–1967. doi:10.2165/00003495-200767130-00015PMID 17722965Nitazoxanide is effective in the treatment of protozoal and helminthic infections … Nitazoxanide is a first-line choice for the treatment of illness caused by C. parvum or G. lamblia infection in immunocompetent adults and children, and is an option to be considered in the treatment of illnesses caused by other protozoa and/or helminths.
  8. Jump up to:a b Sisson G1, Goodwin A, Raudonikiene A, Hughes NJ, Mukhopadhyay AK, Berg DE, Hoffman PS. (July 2002). “Enzymes associated with reductive activation and action of nitazoxanide, nitrofurans, and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori”Antimicrob. Agents Chemother46 (7): 2116–23. doi:10.1128/aac.46.7.2116-2123.2002PMC 127316PMID 12069963Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide
  9. Jump up to:a b Korba BE, Montero AB, Farrar K, et al. (January 2008). “Nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and other thiazolides are potent inhibitors of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus replication”. Antiviral Res77 (1): 56–63. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.08.005PMID 17888524.
  10. ^ “Blastocystis: Resources for Health Professionals”. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-05-02. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  11. ^ Roberts T, Stark D, Harkness J, Ellis J (May 2014). “Update on the pathogenic potential and treatment options for Blastocystis sp”Gut Pathog6: 17. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-6-17PMC 4039988PMID 24883113Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal protists of humans. … A recent study showed that 100% of people from low socio-economic villages in Senegal were infected with Blastocystis sp. suggesting that transmission was increased due to poor hygiene sanitation, close contact with domestic animals and livestock, and water supply directly from well and river [10]. …
    Table 2: Summary of treatments and efficacy for Blastocystis infection
  12. ^ Muñoz P, Valerio M, Eworo A, Bouza E (2011). “Parasitic infections in solid-organ transplant recipients”Curr Opin Organ Transplant16 (6): 565–575. doi:10.1097/MOT.0b013e32834cdbb0PMID 22027588. Retrieved 7 January 2016Nitazoxanide: intestinal amoebiasis: 500 mg po bid x 3 days
  13. ^ “Hymenolepiasis: Resources for Health Professionals”. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-05-02. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  14. ^ Hagel I, Giusti T (October 2010). “Ascaris lumbricoides: an overview of therapeutic targets”Infectious Disorders – Drug Targets10 (5): 349–67. doi:10.2174/187152610793180876PMID 20701574new anthelmintic alternatives such as tribendimidine and Nitazoxanide have proved to be safe and effective against A. lumbricoides and other soil-transmitted helminthiases in human trials.
  15. ^ Shoff WH (5 October 2015). Chandrasekar PH, Talavera F, King JW (eds.). “Cyclospora Medication”Medscape. WebMD. Retrieved 11 January 2016Nitazoxanide, a 5-nitrothiazole derivative with broad-spectrum activity against helminths and protozoans, has been shown to be effective against C cayetanensis, with an efficacy 87% by the third dose (first, 71%; second 75%). Three percent of patients had minor side effects.
  16. ^ Li TC, Chan MC, Lee N (September 2015). “Clinical Implications of Antiviral Resistance in Influenza”Viruses7 (9): 4929–4944. doi:10.3390/v7092850PMC 4584294PMID 26389935Oral nitazoxanide is an available, approved antiparasitic agent (e.g., against cryptosporidium, giardia) with established safety profiles. Recently, it has been shown (together with its active metabolite tizoxanide) to possess anti-influenza activity by blocking haemagglutinin maturation/trafficking, and acting as an interferon-inducer [97]. … A large, multicenter, Phase 3 randomized-controlled trial comparing nitazoxanide, oseltamivir, and their combination in uncomplicated influenza is currently underway (NCT01610245).
    Figure 1: Molecular targets and potential antiviral treatments against influenza virus infection
  17. Jump up to:a b Teran, C. G.; Teran-Escalera, C. N.; Villarroel, P. (2009). “Nitazoxanide vs. Probiotics for the treatment of acute rotavirus diarrhea in children: A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial in Bolivian children”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases13(4): 518–523. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.09.014PMID 19070525.
  18. Jump up to:a b Lateef, M.; Zargar, S. A.; Khan, A. R.; Nazir, M.; Shoukat, A. (2008). “Successful treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection with nitazoxanide”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases12 (1): 80–82. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2007.04.017PMID 17962058.
  19. ^ World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009 April 21, Emmet B Keeffe MD, Professor, Jean-François Rossignol The Romark Institute for Medical Research, Tampa
  20. Jump up to:a b c Keeffe, E. B.; Rossignol, J. F. (2009). “Treatment of chronic viral hepatitis with nitazoxanide and second generation thiazolides”World Journal of Gastroenterology15 (15): 1805–1808. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.1805PMC 2670405PMID 19370775.
  21. ^ Nikolova, Kristiana; Gluud, Christian; Grevstad, Berit; Jakobsen, Janus C (2014). “Nitazoxanide for chronic hepatitis C”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD009182. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009182.pub2ISSN 1465-1858PMID 24706397.
  22. ^ “Romark Initiates Clinical Trial Of Alinia For Chronic Hepatitis C In The United States” (Press release). Medical News Today. August 16, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
  23. ^ Franciscus, Alan (October 2, 2007). “Hepatitis C Treatments in Current Clinical Development”. HCV Advocate. Archived from the original on September 6, 2003. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
  24. ^ Rossignol, Jean-François; Abu-Zekry, Mona; Hussein, Abeer; Santoro, M Gabriella (2006). “Effect of nitazoxanide for treatment of severe rotavirus diarrhoea: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial”. The Lancet368 (9530): 124–9. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.458.1597doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68852-1PMID 16829296.
  25. ^ Dan, M.; Sobel, J. D. (2007). “Failure of Nitazoxanide to Cure Trichomoniasis in Three Women”. Sexually Transmitted Diseases34 (10): 813–4. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31802f5d9aPMID 17551415.
  26. ^ “Nitazoxanide”MedlinePlus. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
  27. Jump up to:a b Shakya, A; Bhat, HR; Ghosh, SK (2018). “Update on Nitazoxanide: A Multifunctional Chemotherapeutic Agent”. Current Drug Discovery Technologies15 (3): 201–213. doi:10.2174/1570163814666170727130003PMID 28748751.
  28. ^ Rossignol, J. F.; La Frazia, S.; Chiappa, L.; Ciucci, A.; Santoro, M. G. (2009). “Thiazolides, a New Class of Anti-influenza Molecules Targeting Viral Hemagglutinin at the Post-translational Level”Journal of Biological Chemistry284 (43): 29798–29808. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.029470PMC 2785610PMID 19638339.
  29. ^ White Jr, AC (2003). “Nitazoxanide: An important advance in anti-parasitic therapy”. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg68 (4): 382–383. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.382PMID 12875283.
  30. ^ Lateef, M.; Zargar, S. A.; Khan, A. R.; Nazir, M.; Shoukat, A. (2008). “Successful treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection with nitazoxanide”. International Journal of Infectious Diseases12 (1): 80–2. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2007.04.017PMID 17962058.
  31. ^ Cynthia Liu, Qiongqiong Zhou, Yingzhu Li, Linda V. Garner, Steve P. Watkins, Linda J. Carter, Jeffrey Smoot, Anne C. Gregg, Angela D. Daniels, Susan Jervey, Dana Albaiu. Research and Development on Therapeutic Agents and Vaccines for COVID-19 and Related Human Coronavirus Diseases. ACS Central Science 2020; doi:10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272

External links

Nitazoxanide
Nitazoxanide.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Alinia, Nizonide, and others
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a603017
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Routes of
administration
Oral
Drug class Antiprotozoal
Broad-spectrum antiparasitic
Broad-spectrum antiviral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding Nitazoxanide: ?
Tizoxanide: over 99%[1][2]
Metabolism Rapidly hydrolyzed to tizoxanide[1]
Metabolites tizoxanide[1][2]
tizoxanide glucuronide[1][2]
Elimination half-life 3.5 hours[3]
Excretion Renalbiliary, and fecal[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.054.465 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C12H9N3O5S
Molar mass 307.283 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

//////////////nitazoxanide

Niclosamide, ニクロサミド , никлосамид , نيكلوساميد , 氯硝柳胺 , 

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Niclosamide.svg

Niclosamide

ChemSpider 2D Image | Niclosamide | C13H8Cl2N2O4

Niclosamide

ニクロサミド;

Formula
C13H8Cl2N2O4
cas
50-65-7
Mol weight
327.1196
никлосамид [Russian] [INN]
نيكلوساميد [Arabic] [INN]
氯硝柳胺 [Chinese] [INN]
Niclosamide [BSI] [INN] [ISO] [USAN] [Wiki]
1532
2′,5-Dichlor-4′-nitro-salizylsaeureanilid [German]
2′,5-Dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide
200-056-8 [EINECS]
2820605
50-65-7 [RN]
]
5-Chlor-N-(2-chlor-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzolcarboxamid
5-Chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

CAS Registry Number: 50-65-7

CAS Name: 5-Chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide
Additional Names: 2¢,5-dichloro-4¢-nitrosalicylanilide; 5-chloro-N-(2¢-chloro-4¢-nitrophenyl)salicylamide; 5-chlorosalicyloyl-(o-chloro-p-nitranilide); N-(2¢-chloro-4¢-nitrophenyl)-5-chlorosalicylamide
Manufacturers’ Codes: Bayer 2353
Trademarks: Cestocide (Bayer); Niclocide (Miles); Ruby (Spencer); Trédémine (RPR); Yomesan (Bayer)
Molecular Formula: C13H8Cl2N2O4
Molecular Weight: 327.12
Percent Composition: C 47.73%, H 2.47%, Cl 21.68%, N 8.56%, O 19.56%
Literature References: Prepn: GB 824345 (1959 to Bayer), C.A. 54, 15822b (1960). See also: E. Schraufstätter, R. Gönnert, US 3079297; R. Strufe et al., US 3113067 (both 1963 to Bayer); Bekhli et al., Med. Prom. SSSR 1965, 25.
Properties: Pale yellow crystals, mp 225-230°. Practically insol in water. Sparingly sol in ethanol, chloroform, ether.
Melting point: mp 225-230°
Derivative Type: Ethanolamine salt
CAS Registry Number: 1420-04-8
Additional Names: Clonitrilide
Trademarks: Bayluscid (Bayer)
Molecular Formula: C13H8Cl2N2O4.C2H7NO
Molecular Weight: 388.20
Percent Composition: C 46.41%, H 3.89%, Cl 18.27%, N 10.82%, O 20.61%
Properties: Yellow-brown solid, mp 204°.
Melting point: mp 204°
Use: The ethanolamine salt as a molluscicide.
Therap-Cat: Anthelmintic (Cestodes).
Therap-Cat-Vet: Anthelmintic (Cestodes).
Keywords: Anthelmintic (Cestodes).

Niclosamide, sold under the brand name Niclocide among others, is a medication used to treat tapeworm infestations.[2] This includes diphyllobothriasishymenolepiasis, and taeniasis.[2] It is not effective against other worms such as pinworms or roundworms.[3] It is taken by mouth.[2]

Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and itchiness.[2] It may be used during pregnancy and appears to be safe for the baby.[2] Niclosamide is in the anthelmintic family of medications.[3] It works by blocking the uptake of sugar by the worm.[4]

Niclosamide was discovered in 1958.[5] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[6] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 0.24 USD for a course of treatment.[7] It is not commercially available in the United States.[3] It is effective in a number of other animals.[4]

Side effects

Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and itchiness.[2] Rarely, dizziness, skin rash, drowsiness, perianal itching, or an unpleasant taste occur. For some of these reasons, praziquantel is a preferable and equally effective treatment for tapeworm infestation.[citation needed]

Mechanism of action

Niclosamide inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation, and anaerobic metabolism in the tapeworm.[8]

Other applications

Niclosamide’s metabolic effects are relevant to wide ranges of organisms, and accordingly it has been applied as a control measure to organisms other than tapeworms. For example, it is an active ingredient in some formulations such as Bayluscide for killing lamprey larvae,[9][10] as a molluscide,[11] and as a general purpose piscicide in aquaculture. Niclosamide has a short half-life in water in field conditions; this makes it valuable in ridding commercial fish ponds of unwanted fish; it loses its activity soon enough to permit re-stocking within a few days of eradicating the previous population.[11] Researchers have found that niclosamide is effective in killing invasive zebra mussels in cool waters.[12]

Research

Niclosamide is being studied in a number of types of cancer.[13] Niclosamide along with oxyclozanide, another anti-tapeworm drug, was found in a 2015 study to display “strong in vivo and in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)”.[14]

syn

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0099542805320028

Image result for niclosamide

References

  1. Jump up to:a b c d e f World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. pp. 81, 87, 591. hdl:10665/44053ISBN 9789241547659.
  2. Jump up to:a b c “Niclosamide Advanced Patient Information – Drugs.com”http://www.drugs.comArchived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  3. Jump up to:a b Jim E. Riviere; Mark G. Papich (13 May 2013). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1096. ISBN 978-1-118-68590-7Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  4. ^ Mehlhorn, Heinz (2008). Encyclopedia of Parasitology: A-M. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 483. ISBN 9783540489948Archived from the original on 2016-12-20.
  5. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  6. ^ “Niclosamide”International Drug Price Indicator GuideArchived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  7. ^ Weinbach EC, Garbus J (1969). “Mechanism of action of reagents that uncouple oxidative phosphorylation”. Nature221 (5185): 1016–8. doi:10.1038/2211016a0PMID 4180173.
  8. ^ Boogaard, Michael A. Delivery Systems of Piscicides “Request Rejected”(PDF)Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
  9. ^ Verdel K.Dawson (2003). “Environmental Fate and Effects of the Lampricide Bayluscide: a Review”. Journal of Great Lakes Research29 (Supplement 1): 475–492. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(03)70509-7.
  10. Jump up to:a b “WHO Specifications And Evaluations. For Public Health Pesticides. Niclosamide” (PDF).[dead link]
  11. ^ “Researchers find new methods to combat invasive zebra mussels”The Minnesota Daily. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  12. ^ “Clinical Trials Using Niclosamide”NCI. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  13. ^ Rajamuthiah R, Fuchs BB, Conery AL, Kim W, Jayamani E, Kwon B, Ausubel FM, Mylonakis E (April 2015). Planet PJ (ed.). “Repurposing Salicylanilide Anthelmintic Drugs to Combat Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus”PLoS ONE10 (4): e0124595. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124595ISSN 1932-6203PMC 4405337PMID 25897961.

External links

 

Niclosamide

Niclosamide
Niclosamide.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Niclocide, Fenasal, Phenasal, others[1]
AHFS/Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Routes of
administration
By mouth
ATC code
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.052 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C13H8Cl2N2O4
Molar mass 327.119 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point 225 to 230 °C (437 to 446 °F)

//////////Niclosamide ニクロサミド , никлосамидنيكلوساميد氯硝柳胺 , covid 19, corona virus

CHLOROQUINE, クロロキン;Хлорохин , クロロキン , كلوروكين

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Chloroquine

Chloroquine.svg

CHLOROQUINE

N4-(7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N1,N1-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine
Хлорохин [Russian] [INN]
クロロキン [Japanese]
كلوروكين [Arabic] [INN]
Formula
C18H26ClN3
CAS
54-05-7
Mol weight
319.8721
CAS Registry Number: 54-05-7
CAS Name: N4-(7-Chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N1,N1-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine
Additional Names: 7-chloro-4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline
Manufacturers’ Codes: SN-7618; RP-3377
Molecular Formula: C18H26ClN3
Molecular Weight: 319.87
Percent Composition: C 67.59%, H 8.19%, Cl 11.08%, N 13.14%
Literature References: Prepd by the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline with 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane: DE 683692 (1939); H. Andersag et al., US 2233970 (1941 to Winthrop); Surrey, Hammer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 68, 113 (1946). Review: Hahn in Antibiotics vol. 3, J. W. Corcoran, F. E. Hahn, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975) pp 58-78. Comprehensive description: D. D. Hong, Anal. Profiles Drug Subs. 5, 61-85 (1976). Comparative clinical trial with dapsone in rheumatoid arthritis: P. D. Fowler et al., Ann. Rheum. Dis. 43, 200 (1984); with penicillamine: T. Gibson et al., Br. J. Rheumatol. 26, 279 (1987).
Properties: mp 87°.
Melting point: mp 87°
Image result for CHLOROQUINE
Derivative Type: Diphosphate
CAS Registry Number: 50-63-5
Trademarks: Arechin (Polfa); Avloclor (AstraZeneca); Malaquin (Ahn Gook); Resochin (Bayer)
Molecular Formula: C18H26ClN3.2H3PO4
Molecular Weight: 515.86
Percent Composition: C 41.91%, H 6.25%, Cl 6.87%, N 8.15%, P 12.01%, O 24.81%
Properties: Bitter, colorless crystals. Dimorphic. One modification, mp 193-195°; the other, mp 215-218°. Freely sol in water; pH of 1% soln about 4.5; less sol at neutral and alkaline pH. Stable to heat in solns of pH 4.0 to 6.5. Practically insol in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether.
Melting point: mp 193-195°; mp 215-218°
Derivative Type: Sulfate
CAS Registry Number: 132-73-0
Trademarks: Aralen (Sanofi-Synthelabo); Nivaquine (Aventis)
Molecular Formula: C18H26ClN3.H2SO4
Molecular Weight: 417.95
Percent Composition: C 51.73%, H 6.75%, Cl 8.48%, N 10.05%, S 7.67%, O 15.31%
Therap-Cat: Antimalarial; antiamebic; antirheumatic. Lupus erythematosus suppressant.
Keywords: Antiamebic; Antiarthritic/Antirheumatic; Antimalarial; Lupus Erythematosus Suppressant.

Chloroquine is a medication used primarily to prevent and to treat malaria in areas where that parasitic disease is known to remain sensitive to its effects.[1] A benefit of its use in therapy, when situations allow, is that it can be taken by mouth (versus by injection).[1] Controlled studies of cases involving human pregnancy are lacking, but the drug may be safe for use for such patients.[verification needed][1][2] However, the agent is not without the possibility of serious side effects at standard doses,[1][3] and complicated cases, including infections of certain types or caused by resistant strains, typically require different or additional medication.[1] Chloroquine is also used as a medication for rheumatoid arthritislupus erythematosus, and other parasitic infections (e.g., amebiasis occurring outside of the intestines).[1] Beginning in 2020, studies have proceeded on its use as a coronavirus antiviral, in possible treatment of COVID-19.[4]

Chloroquine, otherwise known as chloroquine phosphate, is in the 4-aminoquinoline class of drugs.[1] As an antimalarial, it works against the asexual form of the malaria parasite in the stage of its life cycle within the red blood cell.[1] In its use against rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus, its activity as a mild immunosuppressive underlies its mechanism.[1] Antiviral activities, established and putative, are attributed to chloroquines inhibition of glycosylation pathways (of host receptor sialylation or virus protein post-translational modification), or to inhibition of virus endocytosis (e.g., via alkalisation of endosomes), or other possible mechanisms.[5] Common side effects resulting from these therapeutic uses, at common doses, include muscle problems,[clarification needed] loss of appetite, diarrhea, and skin rash.[clarification needed][1] Serious side effects include problems with vision (retinopathy), muscle damage, seizures, and certain anemias.[1][6]

Chloroquine was discovered in 1934 by Hans Andersag.[7][8] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[9] It is available as a generic medication.[1] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.04.[10] In the United States, it costs about US$5.30 per dose.[1]

Medical uses

Malaria

Distribution of malaria in the world:[11]
♦ Elevated occurrence of chloroquine- or multi-resistant malaria
♦ Occurrence of chloroquine-resistant malaria
♦ No Plasmodium falciparum or chloroquine-resistance
♦ No malaria

Chloroquine has been used in the treatment and prevention of malaria from Plasmodium vivaxP. ovale, and P. malariae. It is generally not used for Plasmodium falciparum as there is widespread resistance to it.[12][13]

Chloroquine has been extensively used in mass drug administrations, which may have contributed to the emergence and spread of resistance. It is recommended to check if chloroquine is still effective in the region prior to using it.[14] In areas where resistance is present, other antimalarials, such as mefloquine or atovaquone, may be used instead. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend against treatment of malaria with chloroquine alone due to more effective combinations.[15]

Amebiasis

In treatment of amoebic liver abscess, chloroquine may be used instead of or in addition to other medications in the event of failure of improvement with metronidazole or another nitroimidazole within 5 days or intolerance to metronidazole or a nitroimidazole.[16]

Rheumatic disease

As it mildly suppresses the immune system, chloroquine is used in some autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus.[1]

Side effects

Side effects include blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, headache, diarrhea, swelling legs/ankles, shortness of breath, pale lips/nails/skin, muscle weakness, easy bruising/bleeding, hearing and mental problems.[17][18]

  • Unwanted/uncontrolled movements (including tongue and face twitching) [17]
  • Deafness or tinnitus.[17]
  • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps[18]
  • Headache.[17]
  • Mental/mood changes (such as confusion, personality changes, unusual thoughts/behavior, depression, feeling being watched, hallucinating)[17][18]
  • Signs of serious infection (such as high fever, severe chills, persistent sore throat)[17]
  • Skin itchiness, skin color changes, hair loss, and skin rashes.[18][19]
    • Chloroquine-induced itching is very common among black Africans (70%), but much less common in other races. It increases with age, and is so severe as to stop compliance with drug therapy. It is increased during malaria fever; its severity is correlated to the malaria parasite load in blood. Some evidence indicates it has a genetic basis and is related to chloroquine action with opiate receptors centrally or peripherally.[20]
  • Unpleasant metallic taste
    • This could be avoided by “taste-masked and controlled release” formulations such as multiple emulsions.[21]
  • Chloroquine retinopathy
  • Electrocardiographic changes[22]
    • This manifests itself as either conduction disturbances (bundle-branch block, atrioventricular block) or Cardiomyopathy – often with hypertrophy, restrictive physiology, and congestive heart failure. The changes may be irreversible. Only two cases have been reported requiring heart transplantation, suggesting this particular risk is very low. Electron microscopy of cardiac biopsies show pathognomonic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
  • Pancytopeniaaplastic anemia, reversible agranulocytosislow blood plateletsneutropenia.[23]

Pregnancy

Chloroquine has not been shown to have any harmful effects on the fetus when used for malarial prophylaxis.[24] Small amounts of chloroquine are excreted in the breast milk of lactating women. However, this drug can be safely prescribed to infants, the effects are not harmful. Studies with mice show that radioactively tagged chloroquine passed through the placenta rapidly and accumulated in the fetal eyes which remained present five months after the drug was cleared from the rest of the body.[23][25] Women who are pregnant or planning on getting pregnant are still advised against traveling to malaria-risk regions.[24]

Elderly

There is not enough evidence to determine whether chloroquine is safe to be given to people aged 65 and older. Since it is cleared by the kidneys, toxicity should be monitored carefully in people with poor kidney functions.[23]

Drug interactions

Chloroquine has a number of drug-drug interactions that might be of clinical concern:[citation needed]

Overdose

Chloroquine is very dangerous in overdose. It is rapidly absorbed from the gut. In 1961, a published compilation of case reports contained accounts of three children who took overdoses and died within 2.5 hours of taking the drug. While the amount of the overdose was not stated, the therapeutic index for chloroquine is known to be small.[26] One of the children died after taking 0.75 or 1 gram, or twice a single therapeutic amount for children. Symptoms of overdose include headache, drowsiness, visual disturbances, nausea and vomiting, cardiovascular collapse, seizures, and sudden respiratory and cardiac arrest.[23]

An analog of chloroquine – hydroxychloroquine – has a long half-life (32–56 days) in blood and a large volume of distribution (580–815 L/kg).[27] The therapeutic, toxic and lethal ranges are usually considered to be 0.03 to 15 mg/l, 3.0 to 26 mg/l and 20 to 104 mg/l, respectively. However, nontoxic cases have been reported up to 39 mg/l, suggesting individual tolerance to this agent may be more variable than previously recognised.[27]

Pharmacology

Chloroquine’s absorption of the drug is rapid. It is widely distributed in body tissues. It’s protein binding is 55%.[ It’s metabolism is partially hepatic, giving rise to its main metabolite, desethylchloroquine. It’s excretion os ≥50% as unchanged drug in urine, where acidification of urine increases its elimination It has a very high volume of distribution, as it diffuses into the body’s adipose tissue.

Accumulation of the drug may result in deposits that can lead to blurred vision and blindness. It and related quinines have been associated with cases of retinal toxicity, particularly when provided at higher doses for longer times. With long-term doses, routine visits to an ophthalmologist are recommended.

Chloroquine is also a lysosomotropic agent, meaning it accumulates preferentially in the lysosomes of cells in the body. The pKa for the quinoline nitrogen of chloroquine is 8.5, meaning—in simplified terms, considering only this basic site—it is about 10% deprotonated at physiological pH (per the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation) This decreases to about 0.2% at a lysosomal pH of 4.6.Because the deprotonated form is more membrane-permeable than the protonated form, a quantitative “trapping” of the compound in lysosomes results.

Mechanism of action

Medical quinolines

Malaria

Hemozoin formation in P. falciparum: many antimalarials are strong inhibitors of hemozoin crystal growth.

The lysosomotropic character of chloroquine is believed to account for much of its antimalarial activity; the drug concentrates in the acidic food vacuole of the parasite and interferes with essential processes. Its lysosomotropic properties further allow for its use for in vitro experiments pertaining to intracellular lipid related diseases,[28][29] autophagy, and apoptosis.[30]

Inside red blood cells, the malarial parasite, which is then in its asexual lifecycle stage, must degrade hemoglobin to acquire essential amino acids, which the parasite requires to construct its own protein and for energy metabolism. Digestion is carried out in a vacuole of the parasitic cell.[citation needed]

Hemoglobin is composed of a protein unit (digested by the parasite) and a heme unit (not used by the parasite). During this process, the parasite releases the toxic and soluble molecule heme. The heme moiety consists of a porphyrin ring called Fe(II)-protoporphyrin IX (FP). To avoid destruction by this molecule, the parasite biocrystallizes heme to form hemozoin, a nontoxic molecule. Hemozoin collects in the digestive vacuole as insoluble crystals.[citation needed]

Chloroquine enters the red blood cell by simple diffusion, inhibiting the parasite cell and digestive vacuole. Chloroquine then becomes protonated (to CQ2+), as the digestive vacuole is known to be acidic (pH 4.7); chloroquine then cannot leave by diffusion. Chloroquine caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, thus leading to heme buildup. Chloroquine binds to heme (or FP) to form the FP-chloroquine complex; this complex is highly toxic to the cell and disrupts membrane function. Action of the toxic FP-chloroquine and FP results in cell lysis and ultimately parasite cell autodigestion. [31] Parasites that do not form hemozoin are therefore resistant to chloroquine.[32]

Resistance in malaria[edit source]

Since the first documentation of P. falciparum chloroquine resistance in the 1950s, resistant strains have appeared throughout East and West Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. The effectiveness of chloroquine against P. falciparum has declined as resistant strains of the parasite evolved. They effectively neutralize the drug via a mechanism that drains chloroquine away from the digestive vacuole. Chloroquine-resistant cells efflux chloroquine at 40 times the rate of chloroquine-sensitive cells; the related mutations trace back to transmembrane proteins of the digestive vacuole, including sets of critical mutations in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) gene. The mutated protein, but not the wild-type transporter, transports chloroquine when expressed in Xenopus oocytes (frog’s eggs) and is thought to mediate chloroquine leak from its site of action in the digestive vacuole.[33] Resistant parasites also frequently have mutated products of the ABC transporter P. falciparum multidrug resistance (PfMDR1) gene, although these mutations are thought to be of secondary importance compared to PfcrtVerapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocker, has been found to restore both the chloroquine concentration ability and sensitivity to this drug. Recently, an altered chloroquine-transporter protein CG2 of the parasite has been related to chloroquine resistance, but other mechanisms of resistance also appear to be involved.[34] Research on the mechanism of chloroquine and how the parasite has acquired chloroquine resistance is still ongoing, as other mechanisms of resistance are likely.[citation needed]

Other agents which have been shown to reverse chloroquine resistance in malaria are chlorpheniraminegefitinibimatinibtariquidar and zosuquidar.[35]

Antiviral

Chloroquine has antiviral effects.[36] It increases late endosomal or lysosomal pH, resulting in impaired release of the virus from the endosome or lysosome – release requires a low pH. The virus is therefore unable to release its genetic material into the cell and replicate.[37][38]

Chloroquine also seems to act as a zinc ionophore, that allows extracellular zinc to enter the cell and inhibit viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.[39][40]

Other

Chloroquine inhibits thiamine uptake.[41] It acts specifically on the transporter SLC19A3.

Against rheumatoid arthritis, it operates by inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation, phospholipase A2, antigen presentation in dendritic cells, release of enzymes from lysosomes, release of reactive oxygen species from macrophages, and production of IL-1.

History

In Peru the indigenous people extracted the bark of the Cinchona plant[42] trees and used the extract (Chinchona officinalis) to fight chills and fever in the seventeenth century. In 1633 this herbal medicine was introduced in Europe, where it was given the same use and also began to be used against malaria.[43] The quinoline antimalarial drug quinine was isolated from the extract in 1820, and chloroquine is an analogue of this.

Chloroquine was discovered in 1934, by Hans Andersag and coworkers at the Bayer laboratories, who named it “Resochin”.[44] It was ignored for a decade, because it was considered too toxic for human use. During World War II, United States government-sponsored clinical trials for antimalarial drug development showed unequivocally that chloroquine has a significant therapeutic value as an antimalarial drug. It was introduced into clinical practice in 1947 for the prophylactic treatment of malaria.[45]

Society and culture

Resochin tablet package

Formulations

Chloroquine comes in tablet form as the phosphate, sulfate, and hydrochloride salts. Chloroquine is usually dispensed as the phosphate.[46]

Names

Brand names include Chloroquine FNA, Resochin, Dawaquin, and Lariago.[47]

Other animals

Chloroquine is used to control the aquarium fish parasite Amyloodinium ocellatum.[48]

Research

COVID-19

In late January 2020 during the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak, Chinese medical researchers stated that exploratory research into chloroquine and two other medications, remdesivir and lopinavir/ritonavir, seemed to have “fairly good inhibitory effects” on the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is the virus that causes COVID-19. Requests to start clinical testing were submitted.[49] Chloroquine had been also proposed as a treatment for SARS, with in vitro tests inhibiting the SARS-CoV virus.[50][51]

Chloroquine has been recommended by Chinese, South Korean and Italian health authorities for the treatment of COVID-19.[52][53] These agencies noted contraindications for people with heart disease or diabetes.[54] Both chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, but a further study concluded that hydroxychloroquine was more potent than chloroquine, with a more tolerable safety profile.[55] Preliminary results from a trial suggested that chloroquine is effective and safe in COVID-19 pneumonia, “improving lung imaging findings, promoting a virus-negative conversion, and shortening the disease course.”[56] Self-medication with chloroquine has caused one known fatality.[57]

On 24 March 2020, NBC News reported[58] a fatality due to misuse of a chloroquine product used to control fish parasites.[59]

Other viruses

In October 2004, a group of researchers at the Rega Institute for Medical Research published a report on chloroquine, stating that chloroquine acts as an effective inhibitor of the replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in vitro.[60]

Chloroquine was being considered in 2003, in pre-clinical models as a potential agent against chikungunya fever.[61]

Other

The radiosensitizing and chemosensitizing properties of chloroquine are beginning to be exploited in anticancer strategies in humans.[62][63] In biomedicinal science, chloroquine is used for in vitro experiments to inhibit lysosomal degradation of protein products.

 

 

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  54. ^ “Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine sulfate) dose, indications, adverse effects, interactions… from PDR.net”http://www.pdr.netArchivedfrom the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  55. ^ Yao X, Ye F, Zhang M, Cui C, Huang B, Niu P, et al. (March 2020). “In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”. Clinical Infectious Diseasesdoi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237PMID 32150618.
  56. ^ Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X (February 2020). “Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies”Bioscience Trends14: 72–73. doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047PMID 32074550Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
  57. ^ Edwards, Erika; Hillyard, Vaughn (23 March 2020). “Man dies after ingesting chloroquine in an attempt to prevent coronavirus”NBC News. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  58. ^ “A man died after ingesting a substance he thought would protect him from coronavirus”NBC News. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  59. ^ “Banner Health experts warn against self-medicating to prevent or treat COVID-19”Banner Health (Press release). 23 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  60. ^ Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Maes P, Neyts J, Van Ranst M (October 2004). “In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications323 (1): 264–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085PMID 15351731.
  61. ^ Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R (November 2003). “Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases?”. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases3(11): 722–7. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5PMID 14592603.
  62. ^ Savarino A, Lucia MB, Giordano F, Cauda R (October 2006). “Risks and benefits of chloroquine use in anticancer strategies”. The Lancet. Oncology7 (10): 792–3. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70875-0PMID 17012039.
  63. ^ Sotelo J, Briceño E, López-González MA (March 2006). “Adding chloroquine to conventional treatment for glioblastoma multiforme: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial”. Annals of Internal Medicine144 (5): 337–43. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00008PMID 16520474.
    “Summaries for patients. Adding chloroquine to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme”. Annals of Internal Medicine144 (5): I31. March 2006. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00004PMID 16520470.

External links

“Chloroquine”Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Chloroquine
Chloroquine.svg
Chloroquine 3D structure.png
Clinical data
Pronunciation /ˈklɔːrəkwɪn/
Trade names Aralen, other
Other names Chloroquine phosphate
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
License data
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism Liver
Elimination half-life 1-2 months
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.175 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C18H26ClN3
Molar mass 319.872 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

//////////////CHLOROQUINE,, クロロキン, ANTIMALARIAL, COVID 19, CORONA VIRUS, Хлорохинクロロキン كلوروكين


AZITHROMYCIN, アジスロマイシン;

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Azithromycin

Azithromycin structure.svg

ChemSpider 2D Image | Azithromycin | C38H72N2O12

AZITHROMYCIN

C38H72N2O12,

748.9845

アジスロマイシン;

CAS: 83905-01-5
PubChem: 51091811
ChEBI: 2955
ChEMBL: CHEMBL529
DrugBank: DB00207
PDB-CCD: ZIT[PDBj]
LigandBox: D07486
NIKKAJI: J134.080H
CAS Registry Number: 83905-01-5
CAS Name: (2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-13-[(2,6-Dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-a-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-11-[[3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-b-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one
Additional Names: N-methyl-11-aza-10-deoxo-10-dihydroerythromycin A; 9-deoxo-9a-methyl-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin A
Molecular Formula: C38H72N2O12
Molecular Weight: 748.98
Percent Composition: C 60.94%, H 9.69%, N 3.74%, O 25.63%
Literature References: Semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic; related to erythromycin A, q.v. Prepn: BE 892357; G. Kobrehel, S. Djokic, US 4517359 (1982, 1985 both to Sour Pliva); of the crystalline dihydrate: D. J. M. Allen, K. M. Nepveux, EP 298650eidemUS 6268489 (1989, 2001 both to Pfizer). Antibacterial spectrum: S. C. Aronoff et al., J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 19, 275 (1987); and mode of action: J. Retsema et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31, 1939 (1987). Series of articles on pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical experience: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 31, Suppl. E, 1-198 (1993). Clinical trial in prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients: M. W. Dunne et al., Lancet 354, 891 (1999). Review of pharmacology and clinical efficacy in pediatric infections: H. D. Langtry, J. A. Balfour, Drugs 56, 273-297 (1998).
Properties: Amorphous solid, mp 113-115°. [a]D20 -37° (c = 1 in CHCl3).
Melting point: mp 113-115°
Optical Rotation: [a]D20 -37° (c = 1 in CHCl3)
Derivative Type: Dihydrate
CAS Registry Number: 117772-70-0
Manufacturers’ Codes: CP-62993; XZ-450
Trademarks: Azitrocin (Pfizer); Ribotrex (Fabre); Sumamed (Pliva); Trozocina (Sigma-Tau); Zithromax (Pfizer); Zitromax (Pfizer)
Properties: White crystalline powder. mp 126°. [a]D26 -41.4° (c = 1 in CHCl3).
Melting point: mp 126°
Optical Rotation: [a]D26 -41.4° (c = 1 in CHCl3)
Therap-Cat: Antibacterial.

Azithromycin is an antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.[3] This includes middle ear infectionsstrep throatpneumoniatraveler’s diarrhea, and certain other intestinal infections.[3] It can also be used for a number of sexually transmitted infections, including chlamydia and gonorrhea infections.[3] Along with other medications, it may also be used for malaria.[3] It can be taken by mouth or intravenously with doses once per day.[3]

Common side effects include nauseavomitingdiarrhea and upset stomach.[3] An allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxisQT prolongation, or a type of diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile is possible.[3] No harm has been found with its use during pregnancy.[3] Its safety during breastfeeding is not confirmed, but it is likely safe.[4] Azithromycin is an azalide, a type of macrolide antibiotic.[3] It works by decreasing the production of protein, thereby stopping bacterial growth.[3]

Azithromycin was discovered 1980 by Pliva, and approved for medical use in 1988.[5][6] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[7] The World Health Organization classifies it as critically important for human medicine.[8] It is available as a generic medication[9] and is sold under many trade names worldwide.[2] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.18 to US$2.98 per dose.[10] In the United States, it is about US$4 for a course of treatment as of 2018.[11] In 2016, it was the 49th most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 15 million prescriptions.[12]

Medical uses

Azithromycin is used to treat many different infections, including:

  • Prevention and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to H. influenzaeM. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae. The benefits of long-term prophylaxis must be weighed on a patient-by-patient basis against the risk of cardiovascular and other adverse effects.[13]
  • Community-acquired pneumonia due to C. pneumoniaeH. influenzaeM. pneumoniae, or S. pneumoniae[14]
  • Uncomplicated skin infections due to S. aureusS. pyogenes, or S. agalactiae
  • Urethritis and cervicitis due to C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae. In combination with ceftriaxone, azithromycin is part of the United States Centers for Disease Control-recommended regimen for the treatment of gonorrhea. Azithromycin is active as monotherapy in most cases, but the combination with ceftriaxone is recommended based on the relatively low barrier to resistance development in gonococci and due to frequent co-infection with C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae.[15]
  • Trachoma due to C. trachomatis[16]
  • Genital ulcer disease (chancroid) in men due to H. ducrey
  • Acute bacterial sinusitis due to H. influenzaeM. catarrhalis, or S. pneumoniae. Other agents, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate are generally preferred, however.[17][18]
  • Acute otitis media caused by H. influenzaeM. catarrhalis or S. pneumoniae. Azithromycin is not, however, a first-line agent for this condition. Amoxicillin or another beta lactam antibiotic is generally preferred.[19]
  • Pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes as an alternative to first-line therapy in individuals who cannot use first-line therapy[20]

Bacterial susceptibility

Azithromycin has relatively broad but shallow antibacterial activity. It inhibits some Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria, and many atypical bacteria.

A strain of gonorrhea reported to be highly resistant to azithromycin was found in the population in 2015. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is normally susceptible to azithromycin,[21] but the drug is not widely used as monotherapy due to a low barrier to resistance development.[15] Extensive use of azithromycin has resulted in growing Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance.[22]

Aerobic and facultative Gram-positive microorganisms

Aerobic and facultative Gram-negative microorganisms

Anaerobic microorganisms

Other microorganisms

Pregnancy and breastfeeding[edit source]

No harm has been found with use during pregnancy.[3] However, there are no adequate well-controlled studies in pregnant women.[23]

Safety of the medication during breastfeeding is unclear. It was reported that because only low levels are found in breast milk and the medication has also been used in young children, it is unlikely that breastfed infants would suffer adverse effects.[4] Nevertheless, it is recommended that the drug be used with caution during breastfeeding.[3]

Airway diseases

Azithromycin appears to be effective in the treatment of COPD through its suppression of inflammatory processes.[24] And potentially useful in asthma and sinusitis via this mechanism.[25] Azithromycin is believed to produce its effects through suppressing certain immune responses that may contribute to inflammation of the airways.[26][27]

Adverse effects

Most common adverse effects are diarrhea (5%), nausea (3%), abdominal pain (3%), and vomiting. Fewer than 1% of people stop taking the drug due to side effects. Nervousness, skin reactions, and anaphylaxis have been reported.[28] Clostridium difficile infection has been reported with use of azithromycin.[3] Azithromycin does not affect the efficacy of birth control unlike some other antibiotics such as rifampin. Hearing loss has been reported.[29]

Occasionally, people have developed cholestatic hepatitis or delirium. Accidental intravenous overdose in an infant caused severe heart block, resulting in residual encephalopathy.[30][31]

In 2013 the FDA issued a warning that azithromycin “can cause abnormal changes in the electrical activity of the heart that may lead to a potentially fatal irregular heart rhythm.” The FDA noted in the warning a 2012 study that found the drug may increase the risk of death, especially in those with heart problems, compared with those on other antibiotics such as amoxicillin or no antibiotic. The warning indicated people with preexisting conditions are at particular risk, such as those with QT interval prolongation, low blood levels of potassium or magnesium, a slower than normal heart rate, or those who use certain drugs to treat abnormal heart rhythms.[32][33][34]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Azithromycin prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thus inhibiting translation of mRNA. Nucleic acid synthesis is not affected.[23]

Pharmacokinetics

Azithromycin is an acid-stable antibiotic, so it can be taken orally with no need of protection from gastric acids. It is readily absorbed, but absorption is greater on an empty stomach. Time to peak concentration (Tmax) in adults is 2.1 to 3.2 hours for oral dosage forms. Due to its high concentration in phagocytes, azithromycin is actively transported to the site of infection. During active phagocytosis, large concentrations are released. The concentration of azithromycin in the tissues can be over 50 times higher than in plasma due to ion trapping and its high lipid solubility.[citation needed] Azithromycin’s half-life allows a large single dose to be administered and yet maintain bacteriostatic levels in the infected tissue for several days.[35]

Following a single dose of 500 mg, the apparent terminal elimination half-life of azithromycin is 68 hours.[35] Biliary excretion of azithromycin, predominantly unchanged, is a major route of elimination. Over the course of a week, about 6% of the administered dose appears as unchanged drug in urine.

History

A team of researchers at the pharmaceutical company Pliva in ZagrebSR CroatiaYugoslavia, — Gabrijela Kobrehel, Gorjana Radobolja-Lazarevski, and Zrinka Tamburašev, led by Dr. Slobodan Đokić — discovered azithromycin in 1980.[6] It was patented in 1981. In 1986, Pliva and Pfizer signed a licensing agreement, which gave Pfizer exclusive rights for the sale of azithromycin in Western Europe and the United States. Pliva put its azithromycin on the market in Central and Eastern Europe under the brand name Sumamed in 1988. Pfizer launched azithromycin under Pliva’s license in other markets under the brand name Zithromax in 1991.[36] Patent protection ended in 2005.[37]

Society and culture

Zithromax (azithromycin) 250 mg tablets (CA)

Cost

It is available as a generic medication.[9] The wholesale cost is about US$0.18 to US$2.98 per dose.[10] In the United States it is about US$4 for a course of treatment as of 2018.[11] In India, it is about US$1.70 for a course of treatment.[citation needed]

Available forms

Azithromycin is commonly administered in film-coated tablet, capsule, oral suspensionintravenous injection, granules for suspension in sachet, and ophthalmic solution.[2]

Usage

In 2010, azithromycin was the most prescribed antibiotic for outpatients in the US,[38] whereas in Sweden, where outpatient antibiotic use is a third as prevalent, macrolides are only on 3% of prescriptions.[39]

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References

  1. Jump up to:ab “Azithromycin Use During Pregnancy”Drugs.com. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  2. Jump up to:abcdef “Azithromycin International Brands”. Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  3. Jump up to:abcdefghijklm “Azithromycin”. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  4. Jump up to:ab “Azithromycin use while Breastfeeding”Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  5. ^ Greenwood, David (2008). Antimicrobial drugs : chronicle of a twentieth century medical triumph (1. publ. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN9780199534845Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  6. Jump up to:ab Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 498. ISBN9783527607495.
  7. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  8. ^ World Health Organization (2019). Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine (6th revision ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/312266ISBN9789241515528. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  9. Jump up to:ab Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN9781284057560.
  10. Jump up to:ab “Azithromycin”International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  11. Jump up to:ab “NADAC as of 2018-05-23”Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  12. ^ “The Top 300 of 2019”clincalc.com. Retrieved 22 December2018.
  13. ^ Taylor SP, Sellers E, Taylor BT (2015). “Azithromycin for the Prevention of COPD Exacerbations: The Good, Bad, and Ugly”. Am. J. Med128 (12): 1362.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.07.032PMID26291905.
  14. ^ Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, Dowell SF, File TM, Musher DM, Niederman MS, Torres A, Whitney CG (2007). “Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 Suppl 2: S27–72. doi:10.1086/511159PMID17278083.
  15. Jump up to:ab “Gonococcal Infections – 2015 STD Treatment Guidelines”Archived from the original on 1 March 2016.
  16. ^ Burton M, Habtamu E, Ho D, Gower EW (2015). “Interventions for trachoma trichiasis”Cochrane Database Syst Rev11 (11): CD004008. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004008.pub3PMC4661324PMID26568232.
  17. ^ Rosenfeld RM, Piccirillo JF, Chandrasekhar SS, Brook I, Ashok Kumar K, Kramper M, Orlandi RR, Palmer JN, Patel ZM, Peters A, Walsh SA, Corrigan MD (2015). “Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis”. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg152 (2 Suppl): S1–S39. doi:10.1177/0194599815572097PMID25832968.
  18. ^ Hauk L (2014). “AAP releases guideline on diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children one to 18 years of age”. Am Fam Physician89 (8): 676–81. PMID24784128.
  19. ^ Neff MJ (2004). “AAP, AAFP release guideline on diagnosis and management of acute otitis media”. Am Fam Physician69 (11): 2713–5. PMID15202704.
  20. ^ Randel A (2013). “IDSA Updates Guideline for Managing Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis”. Am Fam Physician88 (5): 338–40. PMID24010402.
  21. ^ The Guardian newspaper: ‘Super-gonorrhoea’ outbreak in Leeds, 18 September 2015Archived 18 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Lippincott Illustrated Reviews : Pharmacology Sixth Edition. p. 506.
  23. Jump up to:ab “US azithromycin label”(PDF). FDA. February 2016. Archived(PDF) from the original on 23 November 2016.
  24. ^ Simoens, Steven; Laekeman, Gert; Decramer, Marc (May 2013). “Preventing COPD exacerbations with macrolides: A review and budget impact analysis”. Respiratory Medicine107 (5): 637–648. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2012.12.019PMID23352223.
  25. ^ Gotfried, Mark H. (February 2004). “Macrolides for the Treatment of Chronic Sinusitis, Asthma, and COPD”CHEST125 (2): 52S–61S. doi:10.1378/chest.125.2_suppl.52SISSN0012-3692PMID14872001.
  26. ^ Zarogoulidis, P.; Papanas, N.; Kioumis, I.; Chatzaki, E.; Maltezos, E.; Zarogoulidis, K. (May 2012). “Macrolides: from in vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to clinical practice in respiratory diseases”. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology68 (5): 479–503. doi:10.1007/s00228-011-1161-xISSN1432-1041PMID22105373.
  27. ^ Steel, Helen C.; Theron, Annette J.; Cockeran, Riana; Anderson, Ronald; Feldman, Charles (2012). “Pathogen- and Host-Directed Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Macrolide Antibiotics”Mediators of Inflammation2012: 584262. doi:10.1155/2012/584262PMC3388425PMID22778497.
  28. ^ Mori F, Pecorari L, Pantano S, Rossi M, Pucci N, De Martino M, Novembre E (2014). “Azithromycin anaphylaxis in children”. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol27 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1177/039463201402700116PMID24674687.
  29. ^ Dart, Richard C. (2004). Medical Toxology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 23.
  30. ^ Tilelli, John A.; Smith, Kathleen M.; Pettignano, Robert (2006). “Life-Threatening Bradyarrhythmia After Massive Azithromycin Overdose”. Pharmacotherapy26 (1): 147–50. doi:10.1592/phco.2006.26.1.147PMID16506357.
  31. ^ Baselt, R. (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 132–133.
  32. ^ Denise Grady (16 May 2012). “Popular Antibiotic May Raise Risk of Sudden Death”The New York TimesArchived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  33. ^ Ray, Wayne A.; Murray, Katherine T.; Hall, Kathi; Arbogast, Patrick G.; Stein, C. Michael (2012). “Azithromycin and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death”New England Journal of Medicine366(20): 1881–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1003833PMC3374857PMID22591294.
  34. ^ “FDA Drug Safety Communication: Azithromycin (Zithromax or Zmax) and the risk of potentially fatal heart rhythms”. FDA. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016.
  35. Jump up to:ab “Archived copy”Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  36. ^ Banić Tomišić, Z. (2011). “The Story of Azithromycin”Kemija U Industriji60 (12): 603–617. ISSN0022-9830Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  37. ^ “Azithromycin: A world best-selling Antibiotic”http://www.wipo.int. World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  38. ^ Hicks, LA; Taylor TH, Jr; Hunkler, RJ (April 2013). “U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescribing, 2010”. The New England Journal of Medicine368 (15): 1461–1462. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1212055PMID23574140.
  39. ^ Hicks, LA; Taylor TH, Jr; Hunkler, RJ (September 2013). “More on U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescribing, 2010”. The New England Journal of Medicine369 (12): 1175–1176. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1306863PMID24047077.

External links

Keywords: Antibacterial (Antibiotics); Macrolides.

Azithromycin
Azithromycin structure.svg
Azithromycin 3d structure.png
Clinical data
Trade names Zithromax, Azithrocin, others[2]
Other names 9-deoxy-9α-aza-9α-methyl-9α-homoerythromycin A
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a697037
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1 [1]
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies) [1]
Routes of
administration
By mouth (capsule, tablet or suspension), intravenouseye drop
Drug class Macrolide antibiotic
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 38% for 250 mg capsules
Metabolism Liver
Elimination half-life 11–14 h (single dose) 68 h (multiple dosing)
Excretion Biliarykidney (4.5%)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
NIAID ChemDB
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.126.551 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C38H72N2O12
Molar mass 748.984 g·mol−1 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

/////////AZITHROMYCIN, Antibacterial, Antibiotics,  Macrolides, CORONA VIRUS, COVID 19, アジスロマイシン ,

VOCLOSPORIN

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Voclosporin.svg

ChemSpider 2D Image | Voclosporin | C63H111N11O12

Voclosporin | C63H111N11O12 - PubChem

Structure of VOCLOSPORIN

Voclosporin

  • Molecular FormulaC63H111N11O12
  • Average mass1214.622 Da

VOCLOSPORIN

(3S,6S,9S,12R,15S,18S,21S,24S,30S,33S)-30-Ethyl-33-[(1R,2R,4E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-4,6-heptadien-1-yl]-6,9,18,24-tetraisobutyl-3,21-diisopropyl-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,2 5,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecone
1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-Undecaazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecone, 30-ethyl-33-[(1R,2R,4E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-4,6-heptadien-1-yl]-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-3,2 1-bis(1-methylethyl)-6,9,18,24-tetrakis(2-methylpropyl)-, (3S,6S,9S,12R,15S,18S,21S,24S,30S,33S)-
2PN063X6B1
515814-01-4 [RN]
8889
SA247, ISAtx 247, ISAtx-247, ISAtx247, Luveniq, LX211,
The Greedy Vulture Accumulate under $3.50

Aurinia Pharmaceuticals  (following its merger with  Isotechnika ), in collaboration with licensee  Paladin Labs  (a subsidiary of Endo International plc ),  3SBio ,and  ILJIN , is developing a capsule formulation of the immunosuppressant calcineurin inhibitor peptide voclosporin for the treatment of psoriasis, the prevention of organ rejection after transplantation, autoimmune disease including systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis, and nephrotic syndrome including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis;

Voclosporin is an experimental immunosuppressant drug being developed by Aurinia Pharmaceuticals. It is being studied as a potential treatment for lupus nephritis (LN) and uveitis.[1] It is an analog of ciclosporin that has enhanced action against calcineurin and greater metabolic stability.[2] Voclosporin was discovered by Robert T. Foster and his team at Isotechnika in the mid 1990s.[3] Isotechnika was founded in 1993 and merged with Aurinia Pharmaceuticals in 2013.

Initially, voclosporin was a mixture of equal proporations of cis and trans geometric isomers of amino acid-1 modified cyclosporin. Later, in collaboration with Roche in Basel, Switzerland, voclosporin’s manufacturing was changed to yield the predominantly trans isomer which possesses most of the beneficial effect of the drug (immunosuppression) in the treatment of organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.

Patent

WO-2020082061

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020082061&_cid=P12-K9MDK8-59382-1

Novel crystalline forms of voclosporin  which is a structural analog of cyclosporine A as calcineurin signal-transduction pathway inhibitor useful for treating lupus nephritis.

Voclosporin is a structural analog of cyclosporine A, with an additional single carbon extension that has a double-bond on one side chain. Voclosporin has the chemical name (3S,6S,9S,l2R,l5S,l8S,2lS,24S,30S,33S)-30-Ethyl-33-[(lR,2R,4E)-l-hydroxy-2-methyl-4,6-heptadien-l-yl]-6,9,l8,24-tetraisobutyl-3,2l-diisopropyl-l,4,7,l0,l2,l5,l9,25,28-nonamethyl-l,4,7,l0,l3,l6,l9,22,25,28,3 l-undecaazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,l l,l4,l7,20,23,26,29,32-undecone and the following chemical structure:

Voclosporin is reported to be a semisynthetic structural analogue of cyclosporine that exerts its immunosuppressant effects by inhibition of the calcineurin signal-transduction pathway and is in Phase 3 Clinical Development for Lupus Nephritis.

[0003] Voclosporin and process for preparation thereof are known from International Patent Application No. WO 1999/18120.

[0004] Certain mixtures of cis and trans-isomers of cyclosporin A analogs referred to as

ISATX247 in different ratios are known from U.S. Patent No. 6,998,385, U.S. Patent No. 7,332,472 and U.S. Patent No. 9,765,119.

[0005] Polymorphism, the occurrence of different crystal forms, is a property of some molecules and molecular complexes. A single compound, like Voclosporin, may give rise to a variety of polymorphs having distinct crystal structures and physical properties like melting point, thermal behaviors (e.g. measured by thermogravimetric analysis – “TGA”, or differential scanning calorimetry – “DSC”), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern, infrared absorption fingerprint, Raman absorption fingerprint, and solid state (13C-) NMR spectrum. One or more of these techniques may be used to distinguish different polymorphic forms of a compound.

[0006] Different salts and solid state forms (including solvated forms) of an active

pharmaceutical ingredient may possess different properties. Such variations in the properties of different salts and solid state forms and solvates may provide a basis for improving formulation, for example, by facilitating better processing or handling characteristics, improving the dissolution profile, or improving stability (polymorph as well as chemical stability) and shelf-life. These variations in the properties of different salts and solid state forms may also provide improvements to the final dosage form, for instance, if they serve to improve bioavailability. Different salts and solid state forms and solvates of an active pharmaceutical ingredient may also give rise to a variety of polymorphs or crystalline forms, which may in turn provide additional opportunities to use variations in the properties and characteristics of a solid active pharmaceutical ingredient for providing an improved product.

[0007] Discovering new salts, solid state forms and solvates of a pharmaceutical product can provide materials having desirable processing properties, such as ease of handling, ease of processing, storage stability, and ease of purification or as desirable intermediate crystal forms that facilitate conversion to other salts or polymorphic forms. New salts, polymorphic forms and solvates of a pharmaceutically useful compound can also provide an opportunity to improve the performance characteristics of a pharmaceutical product (dissolution profile, bioavailability, etc.). It enlarges the repertoire of materials that a formulation scientist has available for formulation optimization, for example by providing a product with different properties, e.g., a different crystal habit, higher crystallinity or polymorphic stability which may offer better processing or handling characteristics, improved dissolution profile, or improved shelf-life.

[0008] For at least these reasons, there is a need for solid state forms (including solvated forms) of Voclosporin and salts thereof.

HPLC method:

Method description

Column: Zorbax SB C18, 1.8 pm, 100×2.1 mm

Mobile phase: A: 38 ACN : 7 TBME : 55 voda : 0.02 H3P04 (V/V/V/V)

B: 70 ACN : 7 TBME : 23 voda : 0.02 H P04 (V/V/V/V)

Flow rate: 0.5 mL/min

Gradient

Analysis time: 26 minutes + 3 minutes equilibration

Injection volume: 3.0 pL

Column temperature: 90 °C

Diluent: Ethanol

Detection: UV, 210 nm

EXAMPLES

[0095] The starting material Voclosporin crude may be obtained according to ET.S. Patent No. 6,998,385 ETnless otherwise indicated, the purity is determined by HPLC (area percent). The crude product contained according to HPLC analysis 42.6 % trans-Voclosporin (further only Voclosporin), 40.2 % cis-Voclosporin and 2.9 % Cyclosporin A. The crude Voclosporin was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of toluene and acetone 82 : 18 (v/v) as mobile phase. The fractions were monitored by HPLC. The appropriate fractions were joined and evaporated, obtaining purified Voclosporin as a white foam. According to HPLC analysis it contained 85.7 % Voclosporin, 3.6 % cis-Voclosporin and 2.6 % Cyclosporin A (further only purified Voclosporin).

[0096] The Voclosporin crude (containing about 42.6 % of Voclosporin) was used for further optimization of the chromatographic separation of cis-Voclosporin and Voclosporin and the effort resulted in improved process for chromatographic separation which includes purification by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of toluene and methylisobutylketone 38 : 62 as mobile phase. The fractions were monitored by HPLC. The appropriate fractions were joined and evaporated to a dry residue, weighing 31.0 grams. This residue was not analyzed. The material was dissolved in 25 ml of acetone and then 50 ml of water was added and the solution was let to crystallize for 2 hours in the refrigerator. Then the crystalline product was separated by filtration and dried in vacuum dryer (40 °C, 50 mbar, 12 hours), obtaining 29.6 g of dry product containing 90.6 % of Voclosporin, 0.4 % cis-Voclosporin and 3.7 % Cyclosporin A (further mentioned as final Voclosporin).

Example 1: Preparation of Voclosporin Form A

4.1 grams of Purified Voclosporin was dissolved in acetone and the solution was evaporated to 8.0 grams and the concentrate was diluted by 6 ml of water. The solution was let to crystallize in refrigerator at about 2 °C for 12 hours. The crystalline product was filtered off, washed by a mixture of acetone and water 1 : 1 (v/v) and dried on open air obtaining 2.6 grams of crystalline product Form A. Voclosporin form A was confirmed by PXRD as presented in Figure 1.

Example 2: Preparation of Voclosporin Form B

[0097] 1.0 gram of Purified Voclosporin was dissolved in a mixture of 1.5 ml acetone and 3.0 ml n-hexane. The solution was let to crystallize in refrigerator at about 2 °C for 12 hours. The crystalline product was filtered off, washed by a mixture of acetone and hexane 1 : 2 (v/v) and dried on open air obtaining 0.5 grams of crystalline product Form B. Voclosporin form B was confirmed by PXRD as presented in Figure 2.

Example 3: Preparation of Amorphous Voclosporin

[0098] 2.0 grams of Purified Voclosporin was dissolved in 40 ml of hot cyclohexane and the solution was stirred for 12 hours at room temperature. Then the crystalline product was filtered off and washed with 5 ml of cyclohexane and dried on open air, obtaining 1.3 grams of amorphous powder. Amorphous Voclosporin was confirmed by PXRD as presented in Figure 3

Example 4: Preparation of Voclosporin Form C

[0099] Final Voclosporin (2 grams) was dissolved in acetonitrile (20 ml) at 50 °C, water (6 ml) was added with stirring, and the clear solution was allowed to crystallize 5 days at 20 °C. Colorless needle crystals were directly mounted to the goniometer head in order to define the crystal structure. Voclosporin form C was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure determination.

References

  1. ^ “Luveniq Approval Status”Luveniq (voclosporin) is a next-generation calcineurin inhibitor intended for the treatment of noninfectious uveitis involving the intermediate or posterior segments of the eye.
  2. ^ “What is voclosporin?”. Isotechnika. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  3. ^ U.S. Patent 6,605,593

External links

 

Voclosporin
Voclosporin.svg
Names
IUPAC name
(3S,6S,9S,12R,15S,18S,21S,24S,30S,33S)-30-Ethyl-33-[(1R,2R,4E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-4,6-heptadien-1-yl]-6,9,18,24-tetraisobutyl-3,21-diisopropyl-1,4,7,10,12,15,19,25,28-nonamethyl-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-undecaazacyclotritriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32-undecone
Other names
VCS, ISA247, Luveniq
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
PubChem CID
Properties
C63H111N11O12
Molar mass 1214.646 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

 

REFERENCES

1: Mok CC. Calcineurin inhibitors in systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017 Jun;31(3):429-438. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.010. Epub 2017 Oct 11. Review. PubMed PMID: 29224682.

2: Dang W, Yin Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Su J, Sprengers D, van der Laan LJW, Felczak K, Pankiewicz KW, Chang KO, Koopmans MPG, Metselaar HJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Inhibition of Calcineurin or IMP Dehydrogenase Exerts Moderate to Potent Antiviral Activity against Norovirus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Oct 24;61(11). pii: e01095-17. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01095-17. Print 2017 Nov. PubMed PMID: 28807916; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5655111.

3: Wong TC, Lo CM, Fung JY. Emerging drugs for prevention of T-cell mediated rejection in liver and kidney transplantation. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2017 Jun;22(2):123-136. doi: 10.1080/14728214.2017.1330884. Epub 2017 May 22. Review. PubMed PMID: 28503959.

4: Chow C, Simpson MJ, Luger TA, Chubb H, Ellis CN. Comparison of three methods for measuring psoriasis severity in clinical studies (Part 1 of 2): change during therapy in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, Static Physician’s Global Assessment and Lattice System Physician’s Global Assessment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Jul;29(7):1406-14. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13132. Epub 2015 Apr 27. PubMed PMID: 25917315.

5: Simpson MJ, Chow C, Morgenstern H, Luger TA, Ellis CN. Comparison of three methods for measuring psoriasis severity in clinical studies (Part 2 of 2): use of quality of life to assess construct validity of the Lattice System Physician’s Global Assessment, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index and Static Physician’s Global Assessment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015 Jul;29(7):1415-20. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12861. Epub 2015 Apr 27. PubMed PMID: 25917214.

6: Maya JR, Sadiq MA, Zapata LJ, Hanout M, Sarwar S, Rajagopalan N, Guinn KE, Sepah YJ, Nguyen QD. Emerging therapies for noninfectious uveitis: what may be coming to the clinics. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:310329. doi: 10.1155/2014/310329. Epub 2014 Apr 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 24868451; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4020293.

7: Hardinger KL, Brennan DC. Novel immunosuppressive agents in kidney transplantation. World J Transplant. 2013 Dec 24;3(4):68-77. doi: 10.5500/wjt.v3.i4.68. Review. PubMed PMID: 24392311; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3879526.

8: Ling SY, Huizinga RB, Mayo PR, Larouche R, Freitag DG, Aspeslet LJ, Foster RT. Cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein drug-drug interactions with voclosporin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Jun;77(6):1039-50. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12309. PubMed PMID: 24330024; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4093929.

9: Mayo PR, Ling SY, Huizinga RB, Freitag DG, Aspeslet LJ, Foster RT. Population PKPD of voclosporin in renal allograft patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 May;54(5):537-45. doi: 10.1002/jcph.237. Epub 2013 Nov 30. PubMed PMID: 24243422.

10: Gubskaya AV, Khan IJ, Valenzuela LM, Lisnyak YV, Kohn J. Investigating the Release of a Hydrophobic Peptide from Matrices of Biodegradable Polymers: An Integrated Method Approach. Polymer (Guildf). 2013 Jul 8;54(15):3806-3820. PubMed PMID: 24039300; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3770487.

11: Ling SY, Huizinga RB, Mayo PR, Freitag DG, Aspeslet LJ, Foster RT. Pharmacokinetics of voclosporin in renal impairment and hepatic impairment. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Dec;53(12):1303-12. doi: 10.1002/jcph.166. Epub 2013 Oct 8. PubMed PMID: 23996158.

12: Mayo PR, Huizinga RB, Ling SY, Freitag DG, Aspeslet LJ, Foster RT. Voclosporin food effect and single oral ascending dose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in healthy human subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2013 Aug;53(8):819-26. doi: 10.1002/jcph.114. Epub 2013 Jun 4. PubMed PMID: 23736966.

13: Schultz C. Voclosporin as a treatment for noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmol Eye Dis. 2013 May 5;5:5-10. doi: 10.4137/OED.S7995. Print 2013. PubMed PMID: 23700374; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3653814.

14: Gomes Bittencourt M, Sepah YJ, Do DV, Agbedia O, Akhtar A, Liu H, Akhlaq A, Annam R, Ibrahim M, Nguyen QD. New treatment options for noninfectious uveitis. Dev Ophthalmol. 2012;51:134-61. doi: 10.1159/000336338. Epub 2012 Apr 17. Review. PubMed PMID: 22517211.

15: Khan IJ, Murthy NS, Kohn J. Hydration-induced phase separation in amphiphilic polymer matrices and its influence on voclosporin release. J Funct Biomater. 2012 Oct 30;3(4):745-59. doi: 10.3390/jfb3040745. PubMed PMID: 24955746; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4030927.

16: Roesel M, Tappeiner C, Heiligenhaus A, Heinz C. Oral voclosporin: novel calcineurin inhibitor for treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:1309-13. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S11125. Epub 2011 Sep 13. PubMed PMID: 21966207; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3180504.

17: Busque S, Cantarovich M, Mulgaonkar S, Gaston R, Gaber AO, Mayo PR, Ling S, Huizinga RB, Meier-Kriesche HU; PROMISE Investigators. The PROMISE study: a phase 2b multicenter study of voclosporin (ISA247) versus tacrolimus in de novo kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2011 Dec;11(12):2675-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03763.x. Epub 2011 Sep 22. PubMed PMID: 21943027.

18: Kuglstatter A, Mueller F, Kusznir E, Gsell B, Stihle M, Thoma R, Benz J, Aspeslet L, Freitag D, Hennig M. Structural basis for the cyclophilin A binding affinity and immunosuppressive potency of E-ISA247 (voclosporin). Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2011 Feb;67(Pt 2):119-23. doi: 10.1107/S0907444910051905. Epub 2011 Jan 15. PubMed PMID: 21245533; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3045272.

19: Kunynetz R, Carey W, Thomas R, Toth D, Trafford T, Vender R. Quality of life in plaque psoriasis patients treated with voclosporin: a Canadian phase III, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Dermatol. 2011 Jan-Feb;21(1):89-94. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2010.1185. PubMed PMID: 21227890.

20: Deuter CM. [Systemic voclosporin for uveitis treatment]. Ophthalmologe. 2010 Jul;107(7):672-5. doi: 10.1007/s00347-010-2217-5. German. PubMed PMID: 20571806.

//////////VOCLOSPORIN, Voclosporin, ISA247, ISAtx 247, ISAtx-247, ISAtx247, Luveniq, LX211,

CC[C@@H]1NC([C@@H](N(C([C@@H](N(C([C@@H](N(C([C@@H](N(C([C@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@@H](N(C([C@H](C(C)C)NC([C@@H](N(C(CN(C1=O)C)=O)C)CC(C)C)=O)=O)C)CC(C)C)=O)C)=O)C)=O)C)CC(C)C)=O)C)CC(C)C)=O)C)C(C)C)=O)C)[C@@H]([C@@H](C/C=C/C=C)C)O)=O

NARONAPRIDE

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Thumb

Naronapride | C27H41ClN4O5 - PubChem

Naronapride | ATI-7505 | CAS#860174-12-5 | 860169-57-9 | 5-HT(4 ...

NARONAPRIDE

860174-12-5

Average: 537.1

C27H41ClN4O5

ATI 7505 / ATI-7505

(3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yl 6-[(3S,4R)-4-(4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)-3-methoxypiperidin-1-yl]hexanoate

INGREDIENT UNII CAS
Naronapride dihydrochloride 898PE2W8US 860169-57-9

 860174-12-5 (free base)   860169-57-9 (HCl)

Naronapride (free base), also known as ATI-7505, is a highly selective, high-affinity 5-HT(4) receptor agonist for gastrointestinal motility disorders. ATI-7505 accelerates overall colonic transit and tends to accelerate GE and AC emptying and loosen stool consistency.

 

Investigated for use/treatment in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastroparesis.

Renexxion , presumed to have been spun-out from Armetheon , under license from ARYx Therapeutics is developing naronapride (ATI-7505; phase 2 clinical in February 2020), an analog of the gastroprokinetic 5-HT 4 agonist cisapride identified using ARYx’s RetroMetabolic platform technology (ARM), for the oral treatment of upper GI disorders. In September 2018, this was still the case . PATENT

WO2005068461

NEW PATENT

WO-2020096911

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020096911&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P21-KANOVN-53661-1

Process for preparing trihydrate salt of naronapride  hydrochloride as 5-HT 4 receptor agonist useful for treating gastrointestinal disorders such as dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, post-operative ileus. Appears to be the first filing from the assignee and the inventors on this compound,

In some aspects, provided herein is a method of making a trihydrate form of (3S, 4R, 3’R)-6-[4-(4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methoxy-piperidin-l-yl]-hexanoic acid l-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3’-yl ester di-hydrochloride salt, which has the following formula:

Example 5: NMR Characterization of the Trihydrate

[0282] ^-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (‘H-NMR) : Approximately 6 mg of the trihydrate was dissolved in in 1 g of deuterated solvent (dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-C45 99.9% d, with 0.05% v/v tetramethyl silane (TMS)). A Varian Gemini 300 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer was used to obtain the ¾-NMK spectrum. A list of the peaks is provided in Table 1 below. A representative ‘H-NMR spectrum is provided in FIG. 6.

Table 1. ‘H-NMR peak list for trihydrate

[0283] 13 C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ( 13C-NMR ): Approximately 46 mg of the trihydrate was dissolved in 1 mL of deuterated solvent (deuterium oxide, Aldrich, 99.9% D, TPAS 0.75%). The 13C-NMR spectrum was obtained using a Varian Gemini 300 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer. A list of the peaks is provided in Table 2 below. A representative 13C-NMR spectrum is provided in FIG. 7.

Table 2. 13C-NMR peak list for trihydrate

 

 

PATENT

US10570127 claiming composition (eg tablet) comprising a trihydrate form of naronapride.

REFERENCES

1: Jiang C, Xu Q, Wen X, Sun H. Current developments in pharmacological therapeutics for chronic constipation. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2015 Jul;5(4):300-9. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.006. Epub 2015 Jun 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 26579459; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4629408.

2: Buchwald P, Bodor N. Recent advances in the design and development of soft drugs. Pharmazie. 2014 Jun;69(6):403-13. Review. PubMed PMID: 24974571.

3: Mozaffari S, Didari T, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Phase II drugs under clinical investigation for the treatment of chronic constipation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2014 Nov;23(11):1485-97. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2014.932770. Epub 2014 Jun 24. Review. PubMed PMID: 24960333.

4: Shin A, Camilleri M, Kolar G, Erwin P, West CP, Murad MH. Systematic review with meta-analysis: highly selective 5-HT4 agonists (prucalopride, velusetrag or naronapride) in chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Feb;39(3):239-53. doi: 10.1111/apt.12571. Epub 2013 Dec 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 24308797.

5: Stevens JE, Jones KL, Rayner CK, Horowitz M. Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of gastroparesis: current and future perspectives. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 Jun;14(9):1171-86. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2013.795948. Epub 2013 May 11. Review. PubMed PMID: 23663133.

6: Tack J, Camilleri M, Chang L, Chey WD, Galligan JJ, Lacy BE, Müller-Lissner S, Quigley EM, Schuurkes J, De Maeyer JH, Stanghellini V. Systematic review: cardiovascular safety profile of 5-HT(4) agonists developed for gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Apr;35(7):745-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05011.x. Epub 2012 Feb 22. Review. PubMed PMID: 22356640; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3491670.

7: Hoffman JM, Tyler K, MacEachern SJ, Balemba OB, Johnson AC, Brooks EM, Zhao H, Swain GM, Moses PL, Galligan JJ, Sharkey KA, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Mawe GM. Activation of colonic mucosal 5-HT(4) receptors accelerates propulsive motility and inhibits visceral hypersensitivity. Gastroenterology. 2012 Apr;142(4):844-854.e4. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.041. Epub 2012 Jan 4. PubMed PMID: 22226658; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3477545.

8: Bowersox SS, Lightning LK, Rao S, Palme M, Ellis D, Coleman R, Davies AM, Kumaraswamy P, Druzgala P. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of naronapride (ATI-7505), a serotonin 5-HT(4) receptor agonist for gastrointestinal motility disorders. Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 Jul;39(7):1170-80. doi: 10.1124/dmd.110.037564. Epub 2011 Mar 29. PubMed PMID: 21447732.

9: Tack J. Current and future therapies for chronic constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Feb;25(1):151-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2011.01.005. Review. PubMed PMID: 21382586.

10: Manabe N, Wong BS, Camilleri M. New-generation 5-HT4 receptor agonists: potential for treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2010 Jun;19(6):765-75. doi: 10.1517/13543784.2010.482927. Review. PubMed PMID: 20408739.

11: Sanger GJ. Translating 5-HT receptor pharmacology. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009 Dec;21(12):1235-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01425.x. Review. PubMed PMID: 19906028.

12: Vakil N. New pharmacological agents for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2008 Spring;8(2):117-22. Review. PubMed PMID: 18641594.

13: Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR. Gateways to clinical trials. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jun;29(5):359-73. PubMed PMID: 17805439.

14: Camilleri M, Vazquez-Roque MI, Burton D, Ford T, McKinzie S, Zinsmeister AR, Druzgala P. Pharmacodynamic effects of a novel prokinetic 5-HT receptor agonist, ATI-7505, in humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Jan;19(1):30-8. PubMed PMID: 17187586.

////////////NARONAPRIDE, ATI 7505, ATI 7505,PHASE 2

CO[C@H]1CN(CCCCCC(=O)O[C@H]2CN3CCC2CC3)CC[C@H]1NC(=O)C1=C(OC)C=C(N)C(Cl)=C1

GST-HG-121

$
0
0

GST-HG-121

mw 431.4

C23 H29 N07

Fujian Cosunter Pharmaceutical Co Ltd

Preclinical for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection

This compound was originally claimed in WO2018214875 , and may provide the structure of GST-HG-121 , an HBsAg inhibitor which is being investigated by Fujian Cosunter for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection; in June 2019, an IND application was planned in the US and clinical trials of the combination therapies were expected in 2020. Fujian Cosunter is also investigating GST-HG-131 , another HBsAg secretion inhibitor, although this appears to be being developed only as a part of drug combination.

WO2017013046A1

PATENT

WO2018214875

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2018214875&_cid=P21-KB0QYA-12917-1

Example 6

 

 

 

Step A: Maintaining at 0 degrees Celsius, lithium aluminum hydride (80.00 g, 2.11 mol, 2.77 equiv) was added to a solution of 6-1 (100.00 g, 762.36 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (400.00 mL). The solution was stirred at 10 degrees Celsius for 10 hours. Then, 80.00 ml of water was added to the reaction solution with stirring, and 240.00 ml of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added, and then 80.00 ml of water was added. The resulting suspension was stirred at 10 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes, and filtered to obtain a colorless clear liquid. Concentrate under reduced pressure to obtain compound 6-2.

 

1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ = 3.72 (dd, J = 3.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (t, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (dd, J = 3.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H ), 0.91(s, 9H)

 

Step B: Dissolve 6-2 (50.00 g, 426.66 mmol) and triethylamine (59.39 mL, 426.66 mmol) in dichloromethane (500.00 mL), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (92.19 g, 422.40 mmol) Mol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (100.00 ml) and added dropwise to the previous reaction solution at 0 degrees Celsius. The reaction solution was then stirred at 25 degrees Celsius for 12 hours. The reaction solution was washed with saturated brine (600.00 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure and spin-dried, and then recrystallized with methyl tert-butyl ether/petroleum ether (50.00/100.00) to obtain compound 6-3 .
1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 4.64 (br s, 1H), 3.80-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.51 (br d, J = 7.09 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (br s, 1H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 0.96 (s, 9H).

 

Step C: Dissolve thionyl chloride (100.98 ml, 1.39 mmol) in acetonitrile (707.50 ml), 6-3 (121.00 g, 556.82 mmol) in acetonitrile (282.90 ml), and drop at minus 40 degrees Celsius After adding to the last reaction solution, pyridine (224.72 mL, 2.78 mol) was added to the reaction solution in one portion. The ice bath was removed, and the reaction solution was stirred at 5-10 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. After spin-drying the solvent under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate (800.00 ml) was added, and a solid precipitated, which was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Step 2: The obtained oil and water and ruthenium trichloride (12.55 g, 55.68 mmol) were dissolved in acetonitrile (153.80 ml), and sodium periodate (142.92 g, 668.19 mmol) was suspended in water (153.80 ml ), slowly add to the above reaction solution, and the final reaction mixture is stirred at 5-10 degrees Celsius for 0.15 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered to obtain a filtrate, which was extracted with ethyl acetate (800.00 mL×2). The organic phase was washed with saturated brine (800.00 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. Column purification (silica, petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 50/1 to 20/1) gave compound 6-4.

 

1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 4.49-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.40-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.10 (d, J = 6.15 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 0.94 (s,9H).

[0230]
Step D: Dissolve 6-5 (100.00 g, 657.26 mmol) in acetonitrile (1300.00 mL), add potassium carbonate (227.10 g, 1.64 mol) and 1-bromo-3-methoxypropane (110.63 g, 722.99 Millimoles). The reaction solution was stirred at 85 degrees Celsius for 6 hours. The reaction solution was extracted with ethyl acetate 600.00 ml (200.00 ml×3), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, then filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 6-6.

[0231]
1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 9.76-9.94 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.48 (m, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=8.03 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (t, J=6.53 Hz , 2H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.57 (t, J = 6.09 Hz, 2H), 3.33-3.39 (m, 3H), 2.13 (quin, J = 6.34 Hz, 2H).

[0232]
Step E: Dissolve 6-6 (70.00 g, 312.15 mmol) in methylene chloride, add m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (94.27 g, 437.01 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at 50 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. After cooling the reaction solution, it was filtered, the filtrate was extracted with dichloromethane, the organic phase was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution 2000.00 ml (400.00 ml × 5), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. A brown oil was obtained. After dissolving with as little methanol as possible, a solution of 2 mol per liter of potassium hydroxide (350.00 ml) was slowly added (exothermic). The dark colored reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, and the reaction solution was adjusted to pH 5 with 37% hydrochloric acid. It was extracted with ethyl acetate 400.00 ml (200.00 ml×2), and the organic phase was washed with saturated brine 200.00 ml (100.00 ml×2), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 6-7.

 

1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 6.75 (d, J = 8.53 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (d, J = 2.89 Hz, 1H), 6.36 (dd, J = 2.82, 8.60 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.40 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.60 (t, J = 6.15 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 2.06-2.14 (m, 2H).

 

Step F: Dissolve 6-7 (33.00 g, 155.48 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (330.00 mL), add paraformaldehyde (42.02 g, 466.45 mmol), magnesium chloride (29.61 g, 310.97 mmol), triethylamine (47.20 g, 466.45 mmol, 64.92 mL). The reaction solution was stirred at 80 degrees Celsius for 8 hours. After the reaction was completed, it was quenched with 2 molar hydrochloric acid solution (200.00 ml) at 25°C, then extracted with ethyl acetate 600.00 ml (200.00 ml×3), and the organic phase was washed with saturated brine 400.00 ml (200.00 ml×2). Dry over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was washed with ethanol (30.00 ml) and filtered to obtain a filter cake. Thus, compound 6-8 is obtained.

 

1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 11.29 (s, 1H), 9.55-9.67 (m, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 4.10 (t, J=6.48 Hz , 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.49 (t, J = 6.05 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 2.06 (quin, J = 6.27 Hz, 2H)

 

Step G: Dissolve 6-8 (8.70 g, 36.21 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (80.00 mL), add potassium carbonate (10.01 g, 72.42 mmol) and 6-4 (11.13 g) , 39.83 mmol), the reaction solution was stirred at 50 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. The reaction solution was quenched with 1.00 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (200.00 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (150.00 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with water (150.00 mL×3), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 6-9.
1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 10.31 (s, 1H), 7.34 (s, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 4.18-4.26 (m, 3H), 4.07 (dd, J=5.33, 9.60Hz, 1H), 3.88(s, 4H), 3.60(t, J=5.96Hz, 2H), 3.39(s, 3H), 2.17(quin, J=6.21Hz, 2H), 1.47(s, 9H) , 1.06 (s, 9H).

 

Step H: Dissolve 6-9 (15.80 g, 35.95 mmol) in dichloromethane (150.00 mL) and add trifluoroacetic acid (43.91 mL, 593.12 mmol). The reaction solution was stirred at 10 degrees Celsius for 3 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and spin-dried, sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution (100.00 mL) was added, and dichloromethane (100.00 mL) was extracted. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 6-10.
1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 4.30 (br d, J = 12.35 Hz, 1H), 4.04-4.11 ( m, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.49 (t, J = 5.99 Hz, 2H), 3.36 (br d, J = 2.93 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 2.06 (quin, J = 6.24Hz, 2H), 1.02(s, 9H).

 

Step I: Dissolve 6-10 (5.00 g, 15.56 mmol) in toluene (20.00 mL) and add 6-11 (8.04 g, 31.11 mmol). The reaction solution was stirred at 120 degrees Celsius for 12 hours under nitrogen protection. The reaction solution was quenched with water (100.00 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (100.00 mL×2), the combined organic phases were washed with water (80.00 mL×2), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase column. Then purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (column: Phenomenex luna C18 250*50 mm*10 microns; mobile phase: [water (0.225% formic acid)-acetonitrile]; elution gradient: 35%-70%, 25 minutes) Compound 6-12 is obtained.

 

1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 7.95 (s, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 5.15-5.23 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.41 (m, 2H) , 4.08-4.19 (m, 2H), 3.94-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.67 (m, 1H), 3.46 (dt, J=1.96, 5.99Hz, 2H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 3.01-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.85-2.94 (m, 1H), 1.97-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.22 (m, 3H), 1.04 (s, 9H).

 

Step J: Dissolve 6-12 (875.00 mg, 1.90 mmol) in toluene (20.00 mL) and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (20.00 mL), and add tetrachlorobenzoquinone (1.40 g, 5.69 mmol). The reaction solution was stirred at 120 degrees Celsius for 12 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and a saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (50.00 ml) and ethyl acetate (60.00 ml) were added. The mixed solution was stirred at 10-15 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes, and the liquid was separated to obtain an organic phase. Add 2.00 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (60.00 mL) to the organic phase, stir at 10-15 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes, and separate the liquid. Wash the organic phase with 2 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (60.00 mL×2), separate the liquid, and separate the water phase A 2 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (200.00 ml) and dichloromethane (200.00 ml) were added. The layers were separated, and the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 6-13.

[0243]
1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 7.98-8.78 (m, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.43-6.73 (m, 2H), 4.41-4.48 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.38 ( m, 2H), 4.03-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.93 (br s, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.47-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.06 (quin, J = 6.24 Hz, 2H), 1.33 (t, J = 7.15 Hz, 2H), 0.70-1.25 (m, 10H).

[0244]
Step K: Dissolve 6-13 (600.00 mg, 1.31 mmol) in methanol (6.00 mL), and add 4.00 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2.00 mL, 6.39 equiv). The reaction solution was stirred at 15 degrees Celsius for 0.25 hours. The reaction solution was adjusted to pH=3-4 with a 1.00 mol/L hydrochloric acid aqueous solution, and then extracted with dichloromethane (50.00 mL×3). The organic phases were combined, washed with saturated brine (50.00 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. , Filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain Example 6.

[0245]
ee value (enantiomeric excess): 100%.

[0246]
SFC (Supercritical Fluid Chromatography) method: Column: Chiralcel OD-3 100 mm x 4.6 mm ID, 3 μm mobile phase: methanol (0.05% diethylamine) in carbon dioxide from 5% to 40% Flow rate: 3 ml per minute Wavelength: 220 nm.

[0247]
1 H NMR (400 MHz, deuterated chloroform) δ 15.72 (br s, 1H), 8.32-8.93 (m, 1H), 6.60-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.51 (br s, 1H), 4.38-4.63 ( m, 2H), 4.11 (br dd, J = 4.52, 12.23 Hz, 3H), 3.79-3.87 (m, 3H), 3.46-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.07 (quin, J = 6.24 Hz, 2H), 0.77-1.21 (m, 9H).

PATENT

WO-2020103924

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020103924&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P21-KB0QP8-09832-1

Novel crystalline forms of 11-oxo-7,11-dihydro-6H-benzo[f]pyrido[1,2-d][1,4]azepine, a hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV replication inhibitor, useful for treating HBV infection.

Hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis B for short, is a disease caused by Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection of the body. Hepatitis B virus is a hepatotropic virus, which mainly exists in liver cells and damages liver cells, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis of liver cells. There are two types of viral hepatitis, acute and chronic. Acute hepatitis B in most adults can heal itself through its own immune mechanism. But chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has become a great challenge for global health care, and it is also the main cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and liver cancer (HCC). It is estimated that 2 billion people worldwide are infected with chronic hepatitis B virus, and more than 350 million people have developed into hepatitis B. Nearly 600,000 people die each year from complications of chronic hepatitis B. my country is a high incidence area of ​​hepatitis B. There are many patients with accumulated hepatitis B, and the harm is serious. According to data, there are about 93 million people with hepatitis B virus infection in China, and about 20 million of them are diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B, of which 10%-20% can evolve into cirrhosis and 1%-5% can develop into Liver cancer.

 

The key to the functional cure of hepatitis B is to remove HBsAg (hepatitis B virus surface antigen) and produce surface antibodies. HBsAg quantification is a very important biological indicator. In patients with chronic infection, few HBsAg reductions and seroconversion can be observed, which is the end point of current treatment.

 

The surface antigen protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a very important role in the process of HBV invading liver cells, and is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of HBV infection. Surface antigen proteins include large (L), medium (M) and small (S) surface antigen proteins, sharing a common C-terminal S region. They are expressed from an open reading frame, and their different lengths are determined by the three AUG start codons in the reading frame. These three surface antigen proteins include pre-S1/pre-S2/S, pre-S2/S and S domains. The HBV surface antigen protein is integrated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and is initiated by the N-terminal signal sequence. They not only constitute the basic structure of the virion, but also form spherical and filamentous subviral particles (SVPs, HBsAg), aggregated in the ER, host ER and pre-Golgi apparatus, SVP contains most S surface antigen proteins. The L protein is crucial in the interaction between viral morphogenesis and nucleocapsid, but it is not necessary for the formation of SVP. Due to their lack of nucleocapsid, the SVPs are non-infectious. SVPs are greatly involved in disease progression, especially the immune response to hepatitis B virus. In the blood of infected persons, the amount of SVPs is at least 10,000 times the number of viruses, trapping the immune system and weakening the body’s immune response to hepatitis B virus. HBsAg can also inhibit human innate immunity, can inhibit the production of cytokines induced by polysaccharide (LPS) and IL-2, inhibit the DC function of dendritic cells, and LPS interfere with ERK-1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal interfering kinase-1 2 Inducing activity in monocytes. It is worth noting that the disease progression of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is also largely related to the persistent secretion of HBsAg. These findings indicate that HBsAg plays an important role in the development of chronic hepatitis.

 

The currently approved anti-HBV drugs are mainly immunomodulators (interferon-α and pegylated interferon-α-2α) and antiviral drugs (lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, and Bifudine, Tenofovir, Kravudine, etc.). Among them, antiviral drugs belong to the class of nucleotide drugs, and their mechanism of action is to inhibit the synthesis of HBV DNA, and cannot directly reduce the level of HBsAg. As with prolonged treatment, nucleotide drugs show HBsAg clearance rate similar to natural observations.

 

Existing therapies in the clinic are not effective in reducing HBsAg. Therefore, the development of small molecule oral inhibitors that can effectively reduce HBsAg is urgently needed in clinical medicine.

 

Roche has developed a surface antigen inhibitor called RG7834 for the treatment of hepatitis B, and reported the drug efficacy of the compound in the model of woodchuck anti-hepatitis B: when using RG7834 as a single drug, it can reduce the surface of 2.57 Logs Antigen, reduced HBV-DNA by 1.7 Logs. The compound has good activity, but in the process of molecular synthesis, the isomers need to be resolved, which reduces the yield and increases the cost.

 

WO2017013046A1 discloses a series of 2-oxo-7,8-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,1,a][2]benzodiazepine-3-for the treatment or prevention of hepatitis B virus infection Carboxylic acid derivatives. The IC 50 of Example 3, the highest activity of this series of fused ring compounds , is 419 nM, and there is much room for improvement in activity. The chiral centers contained in this series of compounds are difficult to synthesize asymmetrically. Generally, the 7-membered carbocyclic ring has poor water solubility and is prone to oxidative metabolism.
Example 1 Preparation of compound of formula (I)

 

[0060]

 

Step A: Maintaining at 0 degrees Celsius, to a solution of compound 1 (100.00 g, 762.36 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (400.00 mL) was added lithium aluminum hydride (80.00 g, 2.11 mol, 2.77 equiv). The solution was stirred at 10 degrees Celsius for 10 hours. Then, 80.00 ml of water was added to the reaction solution with stirring, and 240.00 ml of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added, and then 80.00 ml of water was added. The resulting suspension was stirred at 10 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes, and filtered to obtain a colorless clear liquid. Concentrate under reduced pressure to obtain compound 2.
Step B: Dissolve compound 2 (50.00 g, 426.66 mmol) and triethylamine (59.39 mL, 426.66 mmol) in dichloromethane (500.00 mL), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (92.19 g, 422.40 mmol) ) Was dissolved in dichloromethane (100.00 ml) and added dropwise to the previous reaction solution at 0 degrees Celsius. The reaction solution was then stirred at 25 degrees Celsius for 12 hours. The reaction solution was washed with saturated brine (600.00 ml), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure and spin-dried, and then recrystallized from methyl tert-butyl ether/petroleum ether (50.00/100.00) to obtain compound 3.
Step C: Dissolve thionyl chloride (100.98 ml, 1.39 mmol) in acetonitrile (707.50 ml), compound 3 (121.00 g, 556.82 mmol) in acetonitrile (282.90 ml), and add dropwise at minus 40 degrees Celsius To the last reaction solution, after the dropwise addition, pyridine (224.72 mL, 2.78 mol) was added to the reaction solution in one portion. The ice bath was removed, and the reaction solution was stirred at 5-10 degrees Celsius for 1 hour. After spin-drying the solvent under reduced pressure, ethyl acetate (800.00 ml) was added, and a solid precipitated, which was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Step 2: The obtained oil and water and ruthenium trichloride (12.55 g, 55.68 mmol) were dissolved in acetonitrile (153.80 ml), and sodium periodate (142.92 g, 668.19 mmol) was suspended in water (153.80 ml ), slowly add to the above reaction solution, and the final reaction mixture is stirred at 5-10 degrees Celsius for 0.15 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered to obtain a filtrate, which was extracted with ethyl acetate (800.00 mL×2). The organic phase was washed with saturated brine (800.00 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. Column purification (silica, petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 50/1 to 20/1) gave compound 4.
Step D: Dissolve compound 5 (100.00 g, 657.26 mmol) in acetonitrile (1300.00 mL), add potassium carbonate (227.10 g, 1.64 mol) and 1-bromo-3-methoxypropane (110.63 g, 722.99 mmol) Mole). The reaction solution was stirred at 85 degrees Celsius for 6 hours. The reaction solution was extracted with ethyl acetate 600.00 ml (200.00 ml×3), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, then filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 6.

 

Step E: Compound 6 (70.00 g, 312.15 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (94.27 g, 437.01 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at 50 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. After cooling the reaction solution, it was filtered, the filtrate was extracted with dichloromethane, the organic phase was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution 2000.00 ml (400.00 ml × 5), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. A brown oil was obtained. After dissolving with as little methanol as possible, a solution of 2 mol per liter of potassium hydroxide (350.00 ml) was slowly added (exothermic). The dark colored reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, and the reaction solution was adjusted to pH 5 with 37% hydrochloric acid. It was extracted with ethyl acetate 400.00 ml (200.00 ml×2), the organic phase was washed with saturated brine 200.00 ml (100.00 ml×2), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 7.

[0066]
Step F: Compound 7 (33.00 g, 155.48 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (330.00 mL), paraformaldehyde (42.02 g, 466.45 mmol), magnesium chloride (29.61 g, 310.97 mmol), triethylamine ( 47.20 g, 466.45 mmol, 64.92 mL). The reaction solution was stirred at 80 degrees Celsius for 8 hours. After the reaction was completed, it was quenched with 2 molar hydrochloric acid solution (200.00 ml) at 25°C, then extracted with ethyl acetate 600.00 ml (200.00 ml×3), and the organic phase was washed with saturated brine 400.00 ml (200.00 ml×2). Dry over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filter and concentrate under reduced pressure to obtain a residue. The residue was washed with ethanol (30.00 ml) and filtered to obtain a filter cake. Thus, compound 8 is obtained.

 

Step G: Dissolve compound 8 (8.70 g, 36.21 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (80.00 mL), add potassium carbonate (10.01 g, 72.42 mmol) and compound 4 (11.13 g, 39.83 Mmol), the reaction solution was stirred at 50 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. The reaction solution was quenched with 1.00 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (200.00 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (150.00 mL×2). The combined organic phase was washed with water (150.00 mL×3), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 9.

Step H: Compound 9 (15.80 g, 35.95 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (150.00 mL), and trifluoroacetic acid (43.91 mL, 593.12 mmol) was added. The reaction solution was stirred at 10 degrees Celsius for 3 hours. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and spin-dried, sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution (100.00 mL) was added, and dichloromethane (100.00 mL) was extracted. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 10.

Step I: Compound 10 (5.00 g, 15.56 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (20.00 mL), and compound 11 (8.04 g, 31.11 mmol) was added. The reaction solution was stirred at 120°C for 12 hours under nitrogen protection. The reaction solution was quenched with water (100.00 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (100.00 mL×2), the combined organic phases were washed with water (80.00 mL×2), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase column. Purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (column: Phenomenex luna C18 250×50 mm×10 μm; mobile phase: [water (0.225% formic acid)-acetonitrile]; elution gradient: 35%-70%, 25 minutes) Compound 12 is obtained.

Step J: Compound 12 (875.00 mg, 1.90 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (20.00 mL) and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (20.00 mL), and tetrachlorobenzoquinone (1.40 g, 5.69 mmol) was added. The reaction solution was stirred at 120 degrees Celsius for 12 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, and a saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solution (50.00 ml) and ethyl acetate (60.00 ml) were added. The mixed solution was stirred at 10-15 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes, and the liquid was separated to obtain an organic phase. Add 2.00 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (60.00 mL) to the organic phase, stir at 10-15 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes, and separate the liquid. Wash the organic phase with 2 mol/L aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (60.00 mL×2), separate the liquid, and separate the water phase A 2 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (200.00 ml) and dichloromethane (200.00 ml) were added. The layers were separated, and the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain compound 13.

Step K: Compound 13 (600.00 mg, 1.31 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (6.00 mL), and 4.00 mol/L aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (2.00 mL, 6.39 equiv) was added. The reaction solution was stirred at 15 degrees Celsius for 0.25 hours. The reaction solution was adjusted to pH=3-4 with a 1.00 mol/L hydrochloric acid aqueous solution, and then extracted with dichloromethane (50.00 mL×3). The organic phases were combined, washed with saturated brine (50.00 mL), and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate , Filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain the compound of formula (I). ee value (enantiomeric excess): 100%.

SFC (supercritical fluid chromatography) method:
Column: Chiralcel OD-3 100 mm x 4.6 mm size, 3 microns.
Mobile phase: methanol (0.05% diethylamine) in carbon dioxide, from 5% to 40%.
Flow rate: 3 ml per minute.
Wavelength: 220 nm.

////////////GST-HG-121, Fujian Cosunter,  Preclinical ,  hepatitis B,  virus infection

O=C(O)C1=CN2C(=CC1=O)c3cc(OC)c(OCCCOC)cc3OC[C@H]2C(C)(C)C

O=C(O)C1=CN2C(=CC1=O)c3cc(OC)c(OCCCOC)cc3OC[C@H]2C(C)(C)C

Desidustat

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Desidustat.svg

DESIDUSTAT

Formal Name
N-[[1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinyl]carbonyl]-glycine
CAS Number 1616690-16-4
Molecular Formula   C16H16N2O6
Formula Weight 332.3
FormulationA crystalline solid
λmax233, 291, 335

2-(1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamido)acetic acid

desidustat

Glycine, N-((1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-1,2-dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-quinolinyl)carbonyl)-

N-(1-(Cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycine

ZYAN1 compound

BCP29692

EX-A2999

ZB1514

CS-8034

HY-103227

A16921

(1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl) glycine in 98% yield, as a solid. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 333.05 (M+H) +1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.44-0.38 (m, 2H), 0.62-0.53 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.24 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.04 (d, 2H), 4.14-4.13 (d, 2H), 7.43-7.39 (t, 1H), 7.72-7.70 (d, 1H), 7.89-7.85 (m, 1H), 8.11-8.09 (dd, 1H), 10.27-10.24 (t, 1H), 12.97 (bs, 1H), 16.99 (s, 1H). HPLC Purity: 99.85%

Desidustat | C16H16N2O6 - PubChem

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Desidustat (INN, also known as ZYAN1) is an investigational drug for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease. Clinical trials on desidustat have been done in India and Australia.[1] In a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, 6-week, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, safety and efficacy study, a mean Hb increase of 1.57, 2.22, and 2.92 g/dL in Desidustat 100, 150, and 200 mg arms, respectively, was observed.[2] It is currently undergoing Phase 3 clinical trials.[3] Desidustat is being developed for the treatment of anemia, where currently erythropoietin and its analogues are drugs of choice. Desidustat is a prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitor. In preclinical studies, effect of desidustat was assessed in normal and nephrectomized rats, and in chemotherapy-induced anemia. Desidustat demonstrated hematinic potential by combined effects on endogenous erythropoietin release and efficient iron utilization.[4][5] Desidustat can also be useful in treatment of anemia of inflammation since it causes efficient erythropoiesis and hepcidin downregulation.[6]. In January 2020, Zydus entered into licensing agreement with China Medical System Holdings for development and commercialization of Desidustat in Greater China. Under the license agreement, CMS will pay Zydus an initial upfront payment, regulatory milestones, sales milestones and royalties on net sales of the product. CMS will be responsible for development, registration and commercialization of Desidustat in Greater China [7]

 

PATENT

US277539705

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf;jsessionid=C922CC7937C0B6D7F987FE395E8B6F34.wapp2nB?docId=US277539705&_cid=P21-KCEB8C-83913-1

      Patent applications WO 2004041818, US 20040167123, US 2004162285, US 20040097492 and US 20040087577 describes the utility of N-arylated hydroxylamines of formula (IV), which are intermediates useful for the synthesis of certain quinolone derivatives (VI) as inhibitors of hepatitis C (HCV) polymerase useful for the treatment of HCV infection. In these references, the compound of formula (IV) was prepared using Scheme 1 which involves partial reduction of nitro group and subsequent O-alkylation using sodium hydride as a base.

 (MOL) (CDX)

      The patent application WO 2014102818 describes the use of certain quinolone based compound of formula (I) as prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors for the treatment of anemia. Compound of formula (I) was prepared according to scheme 2 which involved partial reduction of nitro group and subsequent O-alkylation using cesium carbonate as a base.

 (MOL) (CDX)

      The drawback of process disclosed in WO 2014102818 (Scheme 2) is that it teaches usage of many hazardous reagents and process requires column chromatographic purification using highly flammable solvent at one of the stage and purification at multi steps during synthesis, which is not feasible for bulk production.
Scheme 3:

 (MOL) (CDX)

 Scheme 4.

 (MOL) (CDX)

      The process for the preparation of compound of formula (I-a) comprises the following steps:

Step 1′a Process for Preparation of ethyl 2-iodobenzoate (XI-a)

      In a 5 L fixed glass assembly, Ethanol (1.25 L) charged at room temperature. 2-iodobenzoic acid (250 g, 1.00 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Sulphuric acid (197.7 g, 2.01 mol) was added carefully in to reaction mixture at 20 to 35° C. The reaction mixture was heated to 80 to 85° C. Reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours at 80 to 85° C. After completion of reaction distilled out ethanol at below 60° C. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature. Water (2.5 L) was then added carefully at 20 to 35° C. The reaction mixture was then charged with Ethyl acetate (1.25 L). After complete addition of ethyl acetate, reaction mixture turned to clear solution. At room temperature it was stirred for 5 to 10 minutes and separated aqueous layer. Aqueous layer then again extracted with ethyl acetate (1.25 L) and separated aqueous layer. Combined organic layer then washed with twice 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (2×1.25 L) and twice process water (2×1.25L) and separated aqueous layer. Organic layer then washed with 30% brine solution (2.5 L) and separated aqueous layer. Concentrated ethyl acetate in vacuo to get ethyl 2-iodobenzoate in 95% yield, as an oil, which was used in next the reaction, without any further purification. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 248.75 (M+H). 1H NMR (CDCl 3): 1.41-1.37 (t, 3H), 4.41-4.35 (q, 2H), 7.71-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.94-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.96-7.96 (d, 1H). HPLC Purity: 99.27%

Step-2 Process for the Preparation of ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(cyclopropylmethoxy)aminolbenzoate (XII-a)

      In a 5 L fixed glass assembly, toluene (1.5 L) was charged at room temperature. Copper (I) iodide (15.3 g, 0.08 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Glycine (39.1 g, 0.520 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. Ethyl 2-iodobenzoate (221.2 g, 0.801 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Tert-butyl (cyclopropylmethoxy)carbamate (150 g, 0.801 mol) was added in one lot at room temperature. Reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. Potassium carbonate (885.8 g, 6.408 mol) and ethanol (0.9 L) were added at 25° C. to 35° C. Reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was refluxed at 78 to 85° C. for 24 hours. Reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was then charged with ethyl acetate (1.5 L). After complete addition of ethyl acetate, reaction mixture turned to thick slurry. At room temperature it was stirred for 30 minutes and the solid inorganic material was filtered off through hyflow supercel bed. Inorganic solid impurity was washed with ethyl acetate (1.5 L), combined ethyl acetate layer was washed with twice water (2×1.5 L) and separated aqueous layer. Organic layer washed with 30% sodium chloride solution (1.5 L) and separated aqueous layer. Ethyl acetate was concentrated in vacuo to get ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate in 89% yield, as an oil, which was used in next the reaction, without any further purification. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 357.93 (M+Na). 1H NMR (CDCl 3): 0.26-0.23 (m, 2H), 0.52-0.48 (m, 2H), 1.10-1.08 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.35 (t, 3H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 3.78-3.76 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.35-4.30 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.78-7.77 (d, 1H). HPLC Purity: 88.07%

Step 3 Process for the Preparation of ethyl 2-((cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate (XIII-a)

      In a 10 L fixed glass assembly, dichloromethane (2.4 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate (200 g, 0.596 mol) was charged and cooled externally with ice-salt at 0 to 10° C. Methanolic HCl (688.3 g, 3.458 mol, 18.34% w/w) solution was added slowly drop wise, over a period of 15 minutes, while maintaining internal temperature below 10° C. Reaction mixture was warmed to 20 to 30° C., and stirred at 20 to 30° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with addition of water (3.442 L). Upon completion of water addition, the reaction mixture turn out to light yellow coloured solution. At room temperature it was stirred for another 15 minutes and separated aqueous layer. Aqueous layer was again extracted with Dichloromethane (0.8 L). Combined dichloromethane layer then washed with 20% sodium chloride solution (1.0 L) and separated aqueous layer. Concentrated dichloromethane vacuo to get Ethyl 2-((cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate in 92% yield, as an oil. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 235.65 (M+H) +1H NMR (CDCl 3): 0.35-0.31 (m, 2H), 0.80-0.59 (m, 2H), 0.91-0.85 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.38 (t, 3H), 3.76-3.74 (d, 2H), 4.36-4.30 (q, 2H), 6.85-6.81 (t, 1H), 7.36-7.33 (d, 1H), 7.92-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.94-7.93 (d, 1H), 9.83 (s, 1H). HPLC Purity: 87.62%

Step 4 Process for the Preparation of ethyl 24N-(cyclopropylinethoxy)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)benzoate (XIV-a)

      In a 2 L fixed glass assembly, Acetonitrile (0.6 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 2-((cyclopropylmethoxy)amino)benzoate (120 g, 0.510 mol) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl hydrogen malonate (74.1 g, 0.561 mol) was charged at room temperature. Pyridine (161.4 g, 2.04 mol) was added carefully in to reaction mass at room temperature and cooled externally with ice-salt at 0 to 10° C. Phosphorous oxychloride (86.0 g, 0.561 mol) was added slowly drop wise, over a period of 2 hours, while maintaining internal temperature below 10° C. Reaction mixture was stirred at 0 to 10° C. for 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched with addition of water (1.0 L). Upon completion of water addition, the reaction mixture turns out to dark red coloured solution. Dichloromethane (0.672 L) was charged at room temperature and it was stirred for another 15 minutes and separated aqueous layer. Aqueous layer was again extracted with dichloromethane (0.672 L). Combined dichloromethane layer then washed with water (0.400 L) and 6% sodium chloride solution (0.400 L) and separated aqueous layer. Mixture of acetonitrile and dichloromethane was concentrated in vacuo to get Ethyl 2-(N-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)benzoate in 95% yield, as an oil. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 350.14 (M+H) l1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.3-0.2 (m, 2H), 0.6-0.4 (m, 2H), 1.10-1.04 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.15 (t, 3H), 1.29-1.25 (t, 3H), 3.72-3.70 (d, 2H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 4.17-4.12 (q, 2H), 4.25-4.19 (q, 2H), 7.44-7.42 (d, 1H), 7.50-7.46 (t, 1H), 7.68-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.76-7.74 (d, 1H). HPLC Purity: 86.74%

Step 5: Process for the Preparation of ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2 dihydroquinolline-3-carboxylate (XY-a)

      In a 10 L fixed glass assembly under Nitrogen atmosphere, Methanol (0.736 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 2-(N-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanamido)benzoate (160 g, 0.457 mol) was charged at room temperature. Sodium methoxide powder (34.6 g, 0.641 mol) was added portion wise, over a period of 30 minutes, while maintaining internal temperature 10 to 20° C. Reaction mixture was stirred at 10 to 20° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched with addition of ˜1N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (0.64 L) to bring pH 2, over a period of 20 minutes, while maintaining an internal temperature 10 to 30° C. Upon completion of aqueous hydrochloric acid solution addition, the reaction mixture turned to light yellow coloured slurry. Diluted the reaction mass with water (3.02 L) and it was stirred for another 1 hour. Solid material was filtered off and washed twice with water (2×0.24 L). Dried the compound in fan dryer at temperature 50 to 55° C. for 6 hours to get crude ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmetboxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate as a solid.

Purification

      In a 10 L fixed glass assembly, DMF (0.48 L) was charged at room temperature. Crude ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (120 g) was charged at room temperature. Upon completion of addition of crude compound, clear reaction mass observed. Reaction mixture stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. Precipitate the product by addition of water (4.8 L), over a period of 30 minutes, while maintaining an internal temperature 25 to 45° C. Upon completion of addition of water, the reaction mixture turned to light yellow colored slurry. Reaction mixture was stirred at 25 to 45° C. for 30 minutes. Solid material was filtered off and washed with water (0.169 L). Dried the product in fan dryer at temperature 50 to 55° C. for 6 hours to get pure ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate in 81% yield, as a solid. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 303.90 (M+H) +1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.37-0.35 (m, 2H), 0.59-0.55 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.20 (m, 1H), 1.32-1.29 (t, 3H), 3.97-3.95 (d, 2H), 4.36-4.31 (q, 2H), 7.35-7.31 (in, 1H), 7.62-7.60 (dd, 1H), 7.81-7.77 (m, 1H), 8.06-7.04 (dd, 1H). HPLC Purity: 95.52%

Step 6 Process for the Preparation of ethyl (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycinate (XVI-a)

      In a 5 L fixed glass assembly, tetrahydrofuran (0.5 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (100 g, 0.329 mol) was charged at room temperature. Glycine ethyl ester HCl (50.7 g, 0.362 mol) was charged at room temperature. N,N-Diisopropylethyl amine (64 g, 0.494 mol) was added carefully in to reaction mass at room temperature and heated the reaction mass at 65 to 70° C. Reaction mixture was stirred at 65 to 70° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with addition of water (2.5 L).
      Upon completion of water addition, the reaction mixture turns out to off white to yellow coloured slurry. Concentrated tetrahydrofuran below 55° C. in vacuo and reaction mixture was stirred at 25 to 35° C. for 1 hour. Solid material was filtered off and washed with water (3×0.20 L). Dried the compound in fan dryer at temperature 55 to 60° C. for 8 hours to get crude ethyl (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycinate as a solid.

Purification

      In a 2 L fixed glass assembly, Methanol (1.15 L) was charged at room temperature. Crude ethyl (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycinate (100 g) was charged at room temperature. The reaction mass was heated to 65 to 70° C. Reaction mass was stirred for 1 h at 65 to 70° C. Removed heating and cool the reaction mass to 25 to 35° C. Reaction mass stirred for 1 h at 25 to 35° C. Solid material was filtered off and washed with methanol (0.105 L). The product was dried under fan dryer at temperature 55 to 60° C. for 8 hours to get pure ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate in 80% yield, as a solid. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 360.85 (M+H) +1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.39 (m, 2H), 0.60-0.54 (m, 2H), 1.23-1.19 (t, 3H), 1.31-1.26 (m, 1H), 4.04-4.02 (d, 2H), 4.18-4.12 (q, 2H), 4.20-4.18 (d, 2H), 7.40-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.70-7.68 (d, 1H), 7.87-7.83 (m, 1H), 8.08-8.05 (dd, 1H), 10.27-10.24 (t, 1H). HPLC Purity: 99.84%

Step 7: Process for the Preparation of (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl)glycine (I-a)

      In a 5 L fixed glass assembly, methanol (0.525 L) was charged at room temperature. Ethyl 1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylate (75 g, 0.208 mol) was charged at room temperature. Water (0.30 L) was charged at room temperature. Sodium hydroxide solution (20.8 g, 0.520 mol) in water (0.225 L) was added carefully at 30 to 40° C. Upon completion of addition of sodium hydroxide solution, the reaction mass turned to clear solution. Reaction mixture stirred for 30 minutes at 30 to 40° C. Diluted the reaction by addition of water (2.1 L). Precipitate the solid by addition of hydrochloric acid solution (75 mL) in water (75 mL). Upon completion of addition of hydrochloric acid solution, the reaction mass turned to off white colored thick slurry. Reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Solid material was filtered off and washed with water (4×0.375 L). The compound was dried under fan dryer at temperature 25 to 35° C. for 6 hours and then dried for 4 hours at 50 to 60° C. to get (1-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbonyl) glycine in 98% yield, as a solid. MS (ESI-MS): m/z 333.05 (M+H) +1H NMR (DMSO-d 6): 0.44-0.38 (m, 2H), 0.62-0.53 (m, 2H), 1.34-1.24 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.04 (d, 2H), 4.14-4.13 (d, 2H), 7.43-7.39 (t, 1H), 7.72-7.70 (d, 1H), 7.89-7.85 (m, 1H), 8.11-8.09 (dd, 1H), 10.27-10.24 (t, 1H), 12.97 (bs, 1H), 16.99 (s, 1H). HPLC Purity: 99.85%

Polymorphic Data (XRPD):

References

  1. ^ Kansagra KA, Parmar D, Jani RH, Srinivas NR, Lickliter J, Patel HV, et al. (January 2018). “Phase I Clinical Study of ZYAN1, A Novel Prolyl-Hydroxylase (PHD) Inhibitor to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics Following Oral Administration in Healthy Volunteers”Clinical Pharmacokinetics57 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0551-3PMC5766731PMID28508936.
  2. ^ Parmar DV, Kansagra KA, Patel JC, Joshi SN, Sharma NS, Shelat AD, Patel NB, Nakrani VB, Shaikh FA, Patel HV; on behalf of the ZYAN1 Trial Investigators. Outcomes of Desidustat Treatment in People with Anemia and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Phase 2 Study. Am J Nephrol. 2019 May 21;49(6):470-478. doi: 10.1159/000500232.
  3. ^ “Zydus Cadila announces phase III clinical trials of Desidustat”. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019 – via The Hindu BusinessLine.
  4. ^ Jain MR, Joharapurkar AA, Pandya V, Patel V, Joshi J, Kshirsagar S, et al. (February 2016). “Pharmacological Characterization of ZYAN1, a Novel Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Anemia”. Drug Research66 (2): 107–12. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1554630PMID26367279.
  5. ^ Joharapurkar AA, Pandya VB, Patel VJ, Desai RC, Jain MR (August 2018). “Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors: A Breakthrough in the Therapy of Anemia Associated with Chronic Diseases”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry61 (16): 6964–6982. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01686PMID29712435.
  6. ^ Jain M, Joharapurkar A, Patel V, Kshirsagar S, Sutariya B, Patel M, et al. (January 2019). “Pharmacological inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase protects against inflammation-induced anemia via efficient erythropoiesis and hepcidin downregulation”. European Journal of Pharmacology843: 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.023PMID30458168S2CID53943666.
  7. ^ “Zydus enters into licensing agreement with China Medical System Holdings”. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020 – via Business Standard.

 

 

Publication Dates
20160
20170
20180
1.WO/2020/086736RGMC-SELECTIVE INHIBITORS AND USE THEREOF
WO – 30.04.2020
Int.Class A61P 7/06Appl.No PCT/US2019/057687Applicant SCHOLAR ROCK, INC.Inventor NICHOLLS, Samantha
Selective inhibitors of repulsive guidance molecule C (RGMc), are described. Related methods, including methods for making, as well as therapeutic use of these inhibitors in the treatment of disorders, such as anemia, are also provided.
2.WO/2020/058882METHODS OF PRODUCING VENOUS ANGIOBLASTS AND SINUSOIDAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL-LIKE CELLS AND COMPOSITIONS THEREOF
WO – 26.03.2020
Int.Class C12N 5/071Appl.No PCT/IB2019/057882Applicant UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORKInventor KELLER, Gordon
Disclosed herein are methods of producing a population of venous angioblast cells from stem cells using a venous angioblast inducing media and optionally isolating a CD34+ population from the cell population comprising the venous angioblast cells, for example using a CD34 affinity reagent, CD31 affinity reagent and/or CD144 affinity reagent, optionally with or without a CD73 affinity reagent as well as methods of further differentiating the venous angioblasts in vitro to produce SEC-LCs and/or in vivo to produce SECs. Uses of the cells and compositions comprising the cells are also described.
3.110876806APPLICATION OF HIF2ALPHA AGONIST AND ACER2 AGONIST IN PREPARATION OF MEDICINE FOR TREATING ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CN – 13.03.2020
Int.Class A61K 45/00Appl.No 201911014253.3Applicant PEKING UNIVERSITYInventor JIANG CHANGTAO
The invention discloses application of an HIF2alpha agonist and an ACER2 agonist in preparation of a medicine for treating and/or preventing atherosclerosis. Wherein the HIF2alpha agonist can be an adipose cell HIF2alpha agonist, and the ACER2 agonist can be a visceral fat ACER2 enzyme activator. The invention also discloses an application of Roxadustat in preparing a medicine for treating and/orpreventing atherosclerosis. The HIF2alpha agonist, the ACER2 agonist and the Roxadustat can be used for inhibiting or alleviating the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis.
4.20190359574PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF QUINOLONE BASED COMPOUNDS
US – 28.11.2019
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No 16421671Applicant CADILA HEALTHCARE LIMITEDInventor Ranjit C. Desai

The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of quinolone based compounds of general formula (I) using intermediate compound of general formula (XII). Invention also provides an improved process for the preparation of compound of formula (I-a) using intermediate compound of formula (XII-a) and some novel impurities generated during process. Compounds prepared using this process can be used to treat anemia.

5.WO/2019/169172SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TREATING MEIBOMIAN GLAND DYSFUNCTION
WO – 06.09.2019
Int.Class A61F 9/00Appl.No PCT/US2019/020113Applicant THE SCHEPENS EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTEInventor SULLIVAN, David, A.
Systems and methods of treating meibomian and sebaceous gland dysfunction. The methods include reducing oxygen concentration in the environment of one or more dysfunctional meibomian and sebaceous glands, thereby restoring a hypoxic status of one or more dysfunctional meibomian and sebaceous glands. The reducing of the oxygen concentration is accomplished by restricting blood flow to the one or more dysfunctional meibomian and sebaceous glands and the environment of one or more dysfunctional meibomian sebaceous glands. The restricting of the blood flow is accomplished by contracting or closing one or more blood vessels around the one or more dysfunctional meibomian or sebaceous glands. The methods also include giving local or systemic drugs that lead to the generation of hypoxia-inducible factors in one or more dysfunctional meibomian and sebaceous glands.
6.201591195ХИНОЛОНОВЫЕ ПРОИЗВОДНЫЕ
EA – 30.10.2015
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No 201591195Applicant КАДИЛА ХЕЛЗКЭР ЛИМИТЕДInventor Десаи Ранджит К.

Настоящее изобретение относится к новым соединениям общей формулы (I), фармацевтическим композициям, содержащим указанные соединения, применению этих соединений для лечения состояний, опосредованных пролилгидроксилазой HIF, и к способу лечения анемии, включающему введение заявленных соединений

7.2935221QUINOLONE DERIVATIVES
EP – 28.10.2015
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No 13828997Applicant CADILA HEALTHCARE LTDInventor DESAI RANJIT C
The present invention relates to novel compounds of the general formula (I), their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for their preparation, use of these compounds in medicine and the intermediates involved in their preparation. [Formula should be inserted here].
8.20150299193QUINOLONE DERIVATIVES
US – 22.10.2015
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No 14652024Applicant Cadila Healthcare LimitedInventor Ranjit C. Desai

The present invention relates to novel compounds of the general formula (I), their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for their preparation, use of these compounds in medicine and the intermediates involved in their preparation.

embedded image

9.WO/2014/102818NOVEL QUINOLONE DERIVATIVES
WO – 03.07.2014
Int.Class C07D 215/58Appl.No PCT/IN2013/000796Applicant CADILA HEALTHCARE LIMITEDInventor DESAI, Ranjit, C.
The present invention relates to novel compounds of the general formula (I), their tautomeric forms, their stereoisomers, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, methods for their preparation, use of these compounds in medicine and the intermediates involved in their preparation. [Formula should be inserted here].

 

 

Desidustat
Desidustat.svg
Clinical data
Other names ZYAN1
Identifiers
CAS Number
UNII
Chemical and physical data
Formula C16H16N2O6
Molar mass 332.312 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Date

CTID Title Phase Status Date
NCT04215120 Desidustat in the Treatment of Anemia in CKD on Dialysis Patients Phase 3 Recruiting 2020-01-02
NCT04012957 Desidustat in the Treatment of Anemia in CKD Phase 3 Recruiting 2019-12-24

////////// DESIDUSTAT, ZYDUS CADILA, COVID 19, CORONA VIRUS, PHASE 3, ZYAN 1

SELGANTOLIMOD

$
0
0

2D chemical structure of 2004677-13-6

SELGANTOLIMOD

GS 9688

RN: 2004677-13-6
UNII: RM4GJT3SMQ

Molecular Formula, C14-H20-F-N5-O,

Molecular Weight, 293.344

1-Hexanol, 2-((2-amino-7-fluoropyrido(3,2-d)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methyl-, (2R)-

(2R)-2-((2-Amino-7-fluoropyrido(3,2-d)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methylhexan-1-ol

gs

Discovery of GS9688 (Selgantolimod) as a Potent and Selective Oral Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Articles ASAP (Drug Annotation)

Publication Date (Web):May 14, 2020DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00100

PATENTS
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US2019192504 Therapeutic heterocyclic compounds 2018-08-20
US2017281627 TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR MODULATOR COMPOUNDS 2017-04-25
US2017071944 MODULATORS OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIV 2016-09-13
US9670205 TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR MODULATOR COMPOUNDS 2016-03-02

Patent

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US178076456&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P21-KD1F9D-27923-1

EXAMPLE 63

      Synthesis of methyl 2-amino-2-methylhexanoate (63A. To a mixture of (2R)-2-amino-2-methylhexanoic acid hydrochloride (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) and (2S)-2-amino-2-methylhexanoic acid hydrochloride (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) in MeOH (5.0 mL) was added (trimethylsilyl) diazomethane in hexanes (2 M, 0.41 mL, 0.83 mmol) dropwise. After 6 h, the reaction was quenched with AcOH (100 μL). The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to provide 63A that was used without further isolation. LCMS (m/z): 159.91 [M+H] +; t R=0.57 min. on LC/MS Method A.
      Synthesis of methyl 2-((2-((2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)amino)-7-fluoropyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methylhexanoate (63B). To a solution of 84E (120 mg, 0.55 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added 63A (88 mg, 0.55 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol). After stirring at 80° C. for 18 h, the reaction was cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2SO 4, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was then diluted with THF (10 mL) and 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine (0.4 mL, 2.6 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol) were added. After stirring at 100° C. for 18 h, the reaction was cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), washed with water and brine, dried over Na 2SO 4, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography eluting with hexanes-EtOAc to provide 63B. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.14 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (dd, J=8.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (dd, J=6.2, 2.7 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.27-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.02 (s, 1H), 1.71 (s, 3H), 1.34-1.23 (m, 5H), 0.88 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ −121.51 (d, J=422.9 Hz). LCMS (m/z): 472.21 [M+H] +; t R=0.91 min. on LC/MS Method A.
      Synthesis of 2-((2-((2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)amino)-7-fluoropyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methylhexan-1-ol (63C). To a solution of 63B (104 mg, 0.22 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added lithium aluminum hydride in Et 2O (2M, 0.30 mL, 0.60 mmol). After 5 h the reaction was quenched with H 2O (1 mL) and 2M NaOH (aq), and then filtered. The mother liquor was then diluted with EtOAc (30 mL), washed with sat. Rochelle’s salt solution (25 mL), H 2O (25 mL), and brine (25 mL), dried over Na 2SO 4, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography eluting with hexanes-EtOAc to provide 63C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.12 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (dd, J=8.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.57-4.52 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 4H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 1.92 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (t, J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.40-1.37 (m, 3H), 1.32 (td, J=13.4, 12.4, 6.3 Hz, 4H), 0.91 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (377 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ −121.34. LCMS (m/z): 444.20 [M+H] +; t R=0.94 min. on LC/MS Method A
      Synthesis of 2-((2-amino-7-fluoropyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methylhexan-1-ol (63). To 63C (22 mg, 0.05 mmol) was added TFA (3 mL). After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (5 mL). After stirring for 18 h, the mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Co-evaporation with MeOH (×3) provided 63 as a TFA salt. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOH-d 4) δ 8.53 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 1H), 3.70 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (ddd, J=13.9, 10.9, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 1.96-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 1.42-1.28 (m, 6H), 0.95-0.87 (m, 3H). 19F NMR (377 MHz, MeOH-d 4) δ −77.47, −118.23 (d, J=8.6 Hz). LCMS (m/z): 294.12 [M+H] +; t R=0.68 min. on LC/MS Method A.

EXAMPLE 64

      Synthesis of (S)-2-amino-2-methylhexan-1-ol (64A). To (2S)-2-amino-2-methylhexanoic acid hydrochloride (250 mg, 1.4 mmol, supplied by Astatech) in THF (5 mL) was added borane-tetrahydrofuran complex solution in THF (1M, 5.5 mL) dropwise over 5 minutes. After 24 h, the reaction was quenched with MeOH (1 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in DCM (10 mL), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide crude 64A. LCMS (m/z): 131.92 [M+H] +; t R=0.57 min. on LC/MS Method A.
      Synthesis of (S)-2-((2-amino-7-fluoropyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methylhexan-1-ol (64). To a solution of 43B (140 mg, 78 mmol) and 64A (125 mg, 0.95 mmol) in NMP (7.5 mL), was added DBU (0.35 mL, 2.4 mmol) followed by BOP (419 mg, 0.95 mmol). After 16 h, the reaction mixture was subjected to prep HPLC (Gemini 10u C18 110A, AXIA; 10% aq. acetonitrile—50% aq. acetonitrile with 0.1% TFA, over 20 min. gradient) to provide, after removal of volatiles in vacuo, 64 as a TFA salt. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOH-d 4) δ 8.55 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J=8.7, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (ddd, J=13.9, 10.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.92 (ddd, J=13.6, 10.9, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (s, 4H), 1.40-1.31 (m, 5H), 1.00-0.85 (m, 3H). 19F NMR (377 MHz, MeOH-d 4) δ −77.62, −118.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz). LCMS (m/z) 294.09 [M+H] +; t R=0.79 min. on LC/MS Method A.

EXAMPLE 65

      Synthesis of (R)-N-(2-((2-amino-7-chloropyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methylhexyl)acetamide (65A). To a solution of 19B (112 mg, 0.48 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added 61E (100 mg, 0.48 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.25 mL, 1.4 mmol). After stirring at 80° C. for 18 h, 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine (0.75 mL, 5.0 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated to 100° C. After 18 h, the reaction was cooled to rt, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL), washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over Na 2SO 4, then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was subjected to silica gel chromatography eluting with hexanes-EtOAc to provide 65A LCMS (m/z): 509.30[M+H] +; t R=0.89 min. on LC/MS Method A.
      Synthesis of (R)-N-(2-((2-amino-7-chloropyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-methylhexyl)acetamide (65). To 65A (21 mg, 0.04 mmol) was added TFA (3 mL). After 30 minutes, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue co-evaporated with MeOH (10 mL×3). The resulting residue was suspended in MeOH (10 mL), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide 65 as a TFA salt. 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOH-d 4) δ 8.59 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 2.22-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.96 (s, 3H), 1.95-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.34 (dd, J=7.5, 3.9 Hz, 5H), 0.94-0.89 (m, 3H). 19F NMR (377 MHz, MeOH-d 4) δ −77.91. LCMS (m/z): 351.29 [M+H] +; t R=0.69 min. on LC/MS Method A.

 

 

/////////////GS 9688, SELGANTOLIMOD

CCCC[C@@](C)(CO)Nc1nc(N)nc2cc(F)cnc12

MK 5204

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mk-5204

MK 5204

mk-5204

(1R,5S,6R,7R,10R,11R,14R,15S,20R,21R)-21-[(2R)-2-Amino-2,3,3-trimethylbutoxy]-20-(5-carbamoyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-5,7,10,15-tetramethyl-7-[(2R)-3-methylbutan-2-yl]-17-oxapentacyclo[13.3.3.01,14.02,11.05,10]henicos-2-ene-6-carboxylic acid.png

mk-5204

CAS No: 1207751-75-4
Product Code: BM178545

 (1R,5S,6R,7R,10R,11R,14R,15S,20R,21R)-21-[(2R)-2-amino-2,3,3-trimethylbutoxy]-20-(5-carbamoyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-5,7,10,15-tetramethyl-7-[(2R)-3-methylbutan-2-yl]-17-oxapentacyclo[13.3.3.01,14.02,11.05,10]henicos-2-ene-6-carboxylic acid

MW: 696g/mol

MW 695.97

C40 H65 N5 O5

PAPER

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960894X20304686

Abstract

Our previously reported efforts to produce an orally active β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitor through the semi-synthetic modification of enfumafungin focused on replacing the C2 acetoxy moiety with an aminotetrazole and the C3 glycoside with a N,N-dimethylaminoether moiety. This work details further optimization of the C2 heterocyclic substituent, which identified 3-carboxamide-1,2,4-triazole as a replacement for the aminotetrazole with comparable antifungal activity. Alkylation of either the carboxamidetriazole at C2 or the aminoether at C3 failed to significantly improve oral efficacy. However, replacement of the isopropyl alpha amino substituent with a t-butyl, improved oral exposure while maintaining antifungal activity. These two structural modifications produced MK-5204, which demonstrated broad spectrum activity against Candida species and robust oral efficacy in a murine model of disseminated Candidiasis without the N-dealkylation liability observed for the previous lead.

MK-5204: An orally active β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitor ...

MK-5204: An orally active β-1,3-glucan synthesis inhibitor ...

patent

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US43243783&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P22-KD34BU-17225-1

Patent ID Title Submitted Date Granted Date
US8188085 Antifungal agents 2010-05-06 2012-05-29
ungal infection is a major healthcare problem, and the incidence of hospital-acquired fungal diseases continues to rise. Severe systemic fungal infection in hospitals (such as candidiasis, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis) is commonly seen in neutropaenic patients following chemotherapy and in other oncology patients with immune suppression, in patients who are immune-compromised due to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by HIV infection, and in patients in intensive care. Systemic fungal infections cause ˜25% of infection-related deaths in leukaemics. Infections due to Candida species are the fourth most important cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection. Serious fungal infections may cause 5-10% of deaths in patients undergoing lung, pancreas or liver transplantation. Treatment failures are still very common with all systemic mycoses. Secondary resistance also arises. Thus, there remains an increasing need for effective new therapy against mycotic infections.
      Enfumafungin is a hemiacetal triterpene glycoside that is produced in fermentations of a Hormonema spp. associated with living leaves of Juniperus communis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,472; Pelaez et al., Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 23:333-343, 2000; Schwartz et al., JACS, 122:4882-4886, 2000; Schwartz, R. E., Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 11(11):1761-1772, 2001). Enfumafungin is one of the several triterpene glycosides that have in vitro antifungal activities. The mode of the antifungal action of enfumafungin and other antifungal triterpenoid glycosides was determined to be the inhibition of fungal cell wall glucan synthesis by their specific action on (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthase (Onishi et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 44:368-377, 2000; Pelaez et al., Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 23:333-343, 2000). 1,3-β-D-Glucan synthase remains an attractive target for antifungal drug action because it is present in many pathogenic fungi which affords broad antifungal spectrum and there is no mammalian counterpart and as such, compounds inhibiting 1,3-β-D-Glucan synthase have little or no mechanism-based toxicity.

SIMILAR BUT NOT SAME

METHOXY EXAMPLE

Example 8

(1S,4aR,6aS,7R,8R,10aR,10bR,12aR,14R,15R)-15-[[(2R)-2-amino-2,3-dimethylbutyl]oxy]-8-[(1R)-1,2-dimethylpropyl]-14-[3-(methoxycarbonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-1,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a,10b,11,12,12a-dodecahydro-1,6a,8,10a-tetramethyl-4H-1,4a-propano-2H-phenanthro[1,2-c]pyran-7-carboxylic acid (EXAMPLE 8A) and (1S,4aR,6aS,7R,8R,10aR,10bR,12aR,14R,15R)-15-[[(2R)-2-amino-2,3-dimethylbutyl]oxy]-8-[(1R)-1,2-dimethylpropyl]-14-[5-(methoxycarbonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-1,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a,10b,11,12,12a-dodecahydro-1,6a,8,10a-tetramethyl-4H-1,4a-propano-2H-phenanthro[1,2-c]pyran-7-carboxylic acid (EXAMPLE 8B)

      Methyl 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate (27.1 mg, 0.213 mmol) and BF 3OEt (54 μl, 0.426 mmol) were added to a stirred solution of Intermediate 6 (25.9 mg, 0.043 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.43 ml). The reaction mixture was a light yellow suspension that was heated at 50° C. for 7.5 hr and then stirred at room temperature for 64 hr. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting residue was placed under high vacuum. The residue was dissolved in methanol and separated using a single HPLC run on a 19×150 mm Sunfire Prep C18 OBD 10 μm column by eluting with acetonitrile/water+0.1% TFA. The HPLC fractions of the faster eluting regioisomer were combined, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was lyophilized from ethanol and benzene to give EXAMPLE 8A (8.9 mg, 10.97 μmol) as a white solid. The HPLC fractions of the slower eluting regioisomer were combined, the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was lyophilized from ethanol and benzene to give EXAMPLE 8B (1.5 mg, 1.85 μmol) as a white solid.

Example 8A

       1H NMR (CD 3OD, 600 MHz, ppm) δ 0.76 (s, 3H, Me), 0.76 (d, 3H, Me), 0.79 (d, 3H, Me), 0.83 (d, 3H, Me), 0.85 (d, 3H, Me), 0.88 (s, 3H, Me), 0.88 (s, 3H, Me), 0.89 (d, 3H, Me), 1.16 (s, 3H, Me), 1.20 (s, 3H, Me), 1.22-1.35 (m), 1.39-1.44 (m), 1.47-1.65 (m), 1.78-2.02 (m), 2.10-2.22 (m), 2.46 (dd, 1H, H13), 2.66 (d, 1H), 2.83 (s, 1H, H7), 3.48 (d, 1H), 3.50 (d, 1H), 3.53 (dd, 1H), 3.60 (d, 1H), 3.77 (d, 1H), 3.92 (d, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H, COOMe), 5.48 (dd, 1H, H5), 5.61-5.68 (m, 1H, H14), 8.77 (broad s, 1H, triazole).
      Mass Spectrum: (ESI) m/z=697.42 (M+H).

Example 8B

       1H NMR (CD 3OD, 600 MHz, ppm) δ 0.76 (s, 3H, Me), 0.76 (d, 3H, Me), 0.79 (s, 3H, Me), 0.79 (d, 3H, Me), 0.82 (d, 3H, Me), 0.85 (d, 3H, Me), 0.88 (s, 3H, Me), 0.89 (d, 3H, Me), 1.13 (s, 3H, Me), 1.20 (s, 3H, Me), 1.22-1.36 (m), 1.39-1.44 (m), 1.47-1.55 (m), 1.59-1.65 (m), 1.72-1.96 (m), 2.10-2.22 (m), 2.46 (dd, 1H, H13), 2.78 (d, 1H), 2.84 (s, 1H, H7), 3.48 (d, 1H), 3.50 (d, 1H), 3.55 (dd, 1H), 3.62 (d, 1H), 3.93 (d, 1H), 3.98 (d, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H, COOMe), 5.47 (dd, 1H, H5), 6.53-6.59 (m, 1H, H14), 8.14 (s, 1H, triazole).
      Mass Spectrum: (ESI) m/z=697.42 (M+H).
 

/////////////MK 5204, BM178545

NC(=O)c6ncnn6[C@@H]1C[C@]45COC[C@@](C)([C@H]1OC[C@](C)(N)C(C)(C)C)[C@@H]5CC[C@H]3C4=CC[C@@]2(C)[C@H](C(=O)O)[C@](C)(CC[C@@]23C)[C@H](C)C(C)C

CC(C)C(C)C1(CCC2(C3CCC4C5(COCC4(C3=CCC2(C1C(=O)O)C)CC(C5OCC(C)(C(C)(C)C)N)N6C(=NC=N6)C(=O)N)C)C)C


BAY 1895344

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BAY-1895344 Structure

BAY 1895344

1876467-74-1 (free base)
(R)-3-methyl-4-(4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-8-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-1,7-naphthyridin-2-yl)morpholine, monohydrochloride

BAY-1895344 hydrochloride Chemical Structure

BAY-1895344

Molecular Weight

411.89

Formula

C₂₀H₂₂ClN₇O

BAY-1895344 (hydrochloride)

1876467-74-1

1876467-74-1(free base)

s8666CCG-268786CS-7574HY-101566A

BAY-1895344 hydrochloride is a potent, orally available and selective ATR inhibitor, with IC50 of 7 nM. Anti-tumor activity.

bay

NMR https://file.selleckchem.com/downloads/nmr/S866603-BAY-1895344-hnmr-selleck.pdf

 

Biological Activity

In vitro, BAY 1895344 was shown to be a very potent and highly selective ATR inhibitor (IC50 = 7 nM), which potently inhibits proliferation of a broad spectrum of human tumor cell lines (median IC50 = 78 nM). In cellular mechanistic assays BAY 1895344 potently inhibited hydroxyurea-induced H2AX phosphorylation (IC50 = 36 nM). Moreover, BAY 1895344 revealed significantly improved aqueous solubility, bioavailability across species and no activity in the hERG patch-clamp assay. BAY 1895344 also demonstrated very promising efficacy in monotherapy in DNA damage deficient tumor models as well as combination treatment with DNA damage inducing therapies.

Conversion of different model animals based on BSA (Value based on data from FDA Draft Guidelines)
Species Mouse Rat Rabbit Guinea pig Hamster Dog
Weight (kg) 0.02 0.15 1.8 0.4 0.08 10
Body Surface Area (m2) 0.007 0.025 0.15 0.05 0.02 0.5
Km factor 3 6 12 8 5 20
Animal A (mg/kg) = Animal B (mg/kg) multiplied by Animal B Km
Animal A Km

For example, to modify the dose of resveratrol used for a mouse (22.4 mg/kg) to a dose based on the BSA for a rat, multiply 22.4 mg/kg by the Km factor for a mouse and then divide by the Km factor for a rat. This calculation results in a rat equivalent dose for resveratrol of 11.2 mg/kg.

Chemical Information
Molecular Weight 375.43
Formula C20H21N7O
CAS Number 1876467-74-1
Purity 98.69%
Solubility 10 mM in DMSO
Storage at -20°C
PAPER
Damage Incorporated: Discovery of the Potent, Highly Selective, Orally Available ATR Inhibitor BAY 1895344 with Favorable Pharmacokinetic Properties and Promising Efficacy in Monotherapy and in Combination Treatments in Preclinical Tumor Models
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry  20206313, 7293-7325 (Article)

Publication Date (Web):June 5, 2020DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00369

2-[(3R)-3-Methylmorpholin-4-yl]-4-(1-methyl-1Hpyrazol-5-yl)-8-(1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-1,7-naphthyridine (BAY 1895344). Sulfonate 67 (500 mg, 0.95 mmol), 1- methyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- 1H-pyrazole (68) (415 mg, 1.90 mmol), 2 M aq K2CO3 solution (1.4 mL), and Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (67 mg, 0.094 mmol) were solubilized in DME (60 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 min at 130 °C under microwave irradiation. After cooling to rt, the mixture was filtered through a silicon filter and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, hexane/EtOAc gradient 0–100%, followed by EtOAc/EtOH 9:1). The desired fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure and solubilized in concd H2SO4 (5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 3 h at rt. The mixture was then poured into ice and basified using solid NaHCO3. The suspension was filtered and the solid was stirred with EtOH at 40 °C, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure to give BAY 1895344 (280 mg, 0.75 mmol, 78%). LC-MS [Method 2]: Rt = 0.99 min. MS (ESI+): m/z = 376.1 [M+H]+ . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ = 13.44 (br s, 1H, pyrazole-NH), 8.35 (d, J = 5.32 Hz, 1H, naphthyridine), 7.56–7.68 (m, 3H, pyrazole, naphthyridine), 7.42 (br s, 1H, pyrazole), 7.27 (d, J = 5.58 Hz, 1H, naphthyridine), 6.59 (d, J = 2.03 Hz, 1H, pyrazole), 4.60–4.69 (m, 1H, morpholine), 4.23 (br d, J = 11.66 Hz, 1H, morpholine), 4.00–4.09 (m, 1H, morpholine), 3.78–3.85 (m, 1H, morpholine), 3.75 (m, 4H, methyl, morpholine), 3.69–3.74 (m, 1H, morpholine), 3.57 (m, 1H, morpholine), 1.30 (d, J = 6.59 Hz, 3H, methyl). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ = 156.5, 145.2, 140.0, 139.6, 139.5, 138.2, 137.4, 137.4, 125.7, 117.1, 115.5, 108.2, 107.7, 70.3, 66.1, 47.3, 39.7, 37.2, 13.3. ESI-HRMS: m/z [M+H]+ calcd for C20H22N7O: 376.1886, found: 376.1879. [α]D –80.8 ± 1.04 (1.0000 g/ 100 mL CHCl3).
References

Identification of potent, highly selective and orally available ATR inhibitor BAY 1895344 with favorable PK properties and promising efficacy in monotherapy and combination in preclinical tumor models
Ulrich T, et al. AACR. 2017 July;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 983.

ATR inhibitor BAY 1895344 shows potent anti-tumor efficacy in monotherapy and strong combination potential with the targeted alpha therapy Radium-223 dichloride in preclinical tumor models
Antje Margret Wengner, et al. AACR 2017 July;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 836.

////////////s8666CCG-268786CS-7574HY-101566ABAY-1895344BAY 1895344

CC1COCCN1C2=NC3=C(C=CN=C3C4=CC=NN4)C(=C2)C5=CC=NN5C

MOLINDONE, молиндон موليندون 吗茚酮

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Thumb

Molindone.svg

ChemSpider 2D Image | Molindone | C16H24N2O2

MOLINDONE

C16H24N2O2,, 276.374

SPN 810,  SPN 801M, AFX 2201

cas 15622-65-8 hcl

Molindone is used for the management of the manifestations of psychotic disorders.

Schizophrenia

молиндон
موليندون
吗茚酮
(±)-Molindone
2376
3-Ethyl-2-methyl-5-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indol-4-one [ACD/IUPAC Name]
3-Ethyl-2-methyl-5-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indol-4-one
4H-Indol-4-one, 3-ethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-
7416-34-4 [RN]
RT3Y3QMF8N
UNII:RT3Y3QMF8N

Supernus Pharmaceuticals , under license from Afecta Pharmaceuticals , is developing molindone hydrochloride (SPN-810; SPN-801M; AFX-2201; presumed to be Zalvari), as a capsule formulation, for the potential oral treatment of conduct disorder in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In 3Q15, the company initiated two phase III trials (CHIME 1 and CHIME 2) for compulsive aggression in ADHD. In November 2019, the trial was expected to complete in June 2020.

Molindone, sold under the brand name Moban, is an antipsychotic which is used in the United States in the treatment of schizophrenia.[1][2] It works by blocking the effects of dopamine in the brain, leading to diminished symptoms of psychosis. It is rapidly absorbed when taken orally.

It is sometimes described as a typical antipsychotic,[3] and sometimes described as an atypical antipsychotic.[4]

Molindone was discontinued by its original supplier, Endo Pharmaceuticals, on January 13, 2010.[5]

Availability and Marketing in the USA

After having been produced and subsequently discontinued by Core Pharma in 2015-2017, Molindone is available again from Epic Pharma effective December, 2018.[6]

Adverse effects

The side effect profile of molindone is similar to that of other typical antipsychotics. Unlike most antipsychotics, however, molindone use is associated with weight loss.[4][7]

Chemistry

Synthesis

Molindone synthesis: SCHOEN KARL, J PACHTER IRWIN; BE 670798 (1965 to Endo Lab).

Condensation of oximinoketone 2 (from nitrosation of 3-pentanone), with cyclohexane-1,3-dione (1) in the presence of zinc and acetic acid leads directly to the partly reduced indole derivative 6. The transformation may be rationalized by assuming as the first step, reduction of 2 to the corresponding α-aminoketone. Conjugate addition of the amine to 1 followed by elimination of hydroxide (as water) would give ene-aminoketone 3. This enamine may be assumed to be in tautomeric equilibrium with imine 4Aldol condensation of the side chain carbonyl group with the doubly activated ring methylene group would then result in cyclization to pyrrole 5; simple tautomeric transformation would then give the observed product. Mannich reaction of 6 with formaldehyde and morpholine gives the tranquilizer molindone (7).

US-20200262788

Process for preparing molindone and its intermediates useful for treating schizophrenia..

Molindone is chemically known as 4H-Indol-4-one, 3-ethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5-(4-morpholinylmethyl) and represented by formula I. Molindone is indicated for management of schizophrenia and is under clinical trial for alternate therapies.

      The compound molindone, process for its preparation and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,491,093. Another application WO 2014042688 discloses methods of producing molindone. Since there are very limited methods for preparation of molindone reported in literature there exist a need for alternate process for preparation of molindone. The present invention provides novel process for preparation of Molindone (I) and its salts.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Preparation of methyl 2-chloro-2-ethyl-3-oxobutanoate

      A mixture of methyl acetoacetate (100 g), potassium tertiary butoxide (101.5 g) and tetrahydrofuran (400 ml) was stirred and a solution of ethyliodide (141 g) in tetrahydrofuran (200 ml) was added to it. The reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for about 15 hours. Water (250 ml) was added to the reaction mixture at 25° C. followed by addition of dichloromethane (500 ml). The organic layer was separated and concentrated. To the concentrate was added dichloromethane (1000 ml) and sulfuryl chloride (93.7 g) and the solution was stirred for about 18 hours at 25-30° C. Water (500 ml) was added to the reaction mixture. The organic layer was separated and concentrated to give the title compound.

Example 2: Preparation of 3-chloropentan-2-one

      A mixture of methyl 2-chloro-2-ethyl-3-oxobutanoate (98.8 g) and water (240 ml) was treated with sulfuric acid (260 g) and stirred for 90 minutes at 75-80° C. The reaction mixture was poured into water (500 ml) and dichloromethane (500 ml). The organic layer was separated and concentrated. The concentrate was subjected to fractional distillation and pure compound was collected.

Example 3: Preparation of 3-chloropentan-2-one

      A mixture of petane-2-one (15 g), acetic acid (60 ml) and N-chlorosuccinimide (24.4 g) was stirred for about 18 hours at 80-85° C. The reaction mixture was cooled and dichloromethane (100 ml) was added to it. The mixture was treated with sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic layer was separated and concentrated to give the title compound (2).

Example 4: Preparation of 2-(2-oxopentan-3-yl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione (4)

      A mixture of 3-bromopentan-2-one (17 g), cyclohexane-1,3-dione (11.5 g), triethyl amine (15.6 g) and acetonitrile (100 ml)) was stirred for about 2 hours at 55-60° C. The reaction mixture was concentrated and ethyl acetate (170 ml) and water (85 ml) was added. The organic layer separated and concentrated. The residue was subjected to column chromatography (ethylacetate: cyclohexane). The title compound was obtained. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3), δ 5.14 (S 1H), δ 4.37 (d 1H), δ 2.50-2.55 (m 2H) δ 2.35-2.38 (m 2H), δ 2.16 (s 3H), δ 2.00-2.05 (m 2H) δ 1.88-1.90 (m 2H), δ 1.00-1.02 (m 3H); 13C NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3), 206.04, 199.34, 176.63, 103.70, 77.12, 36.62, 28.88, 25.44, 21.00, 16.55, 9.41 ppm; Dept135 NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3): 103.70, 83.78, 36.62, 28.87, 28.65, 25.45, 24.69, 21.00, 9.41 ppm; Mass: [M+1]=197.

Example 5: Preparation of 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole (5)

      A mixture of 2-(2-oxopentan-3-yl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione (10 g), acetic acid (40 ml) and ammonium acetate (19.6 g) was stirred for about 3 hours at 95-100° C. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated. To the residue a mixture of ethyl acetate (60 ml) and water (50 ml) was added. The organic layer separated and concentrated to give the title compound.

Example 6: Preparation of 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole (5)

      A mixture of cyclohexane-1,3-dione (3 g), dimethyl sulfoxide (15 ml), triethyl amine (2.7 g) and 3-chloropentan-2-one (3.2 g) was stirred for about 24 hours at 40-45° C. Aqueous ammonia (15 ml) was added to the mixture and stirred for about 10 hours at 25-30° C. A mixture of water (60 ml) and ethyl acetate (30 ml) was added to it. The organic layer separated and concentrated. The residue was subjected to column chromatography (ethyl acetate/n-hexane). The title compound was obtained.

Example 7: Preparation of Molindone Hydrochloride

      A mixture of 2-methyl-3-ethyl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole (5 g), morpholine (4.42 g), paraformaldehyde (1.52 g) and ethanol (70 ml) was stirred for about 24 hours at 75-80° C. The reaction mixture was concentrated and water (50 ml) was added to the residue. The mixture was treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid followed by aqueous ammonia in presence of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and concentrated to obtain molindone as a residue. Isopropanol hydrochloride was added to the residue and stirred for 30 minutes at 25-30° C. The solution was concentrated and ethyl acetate (15 ml) was added. The solid was filtered, washed with ethyl acetate and dried to obtain molindone hydrochloride.

References

  1. ^ “molindone”. F.A. Davis Company.
  2. ^ “Molindone”.
  3. ^ Aparasu RR, Jano E, Johnson ML, Chen H (October 2008). “Hospitalization risk associated with typical and atypical antipsychotic use in community-dwelling elderly patients”. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother6 (4): 198–204. doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2008.10.003PMID 19028375.
  4. Jump up to:a b Bagnall A, Fenton M, Kleijnen J, Lewis R (2007). Bagnall A (ed.). “Molindone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD002083. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002083.pub2PMID 17253473.
  5. ^ https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugShortages/ucm050794.htm
  6. ^ “NEWS”http://www.epic-pharma.com. Retrieved 2018-12-12.
  7. ^ Allison DB, Mentore JL, Heo M, et al. (1999). “Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis”. Am J Psychiatry156 (11): 1686–96. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.11.1686 (inactive 2020-01-22). PMID 10553730. Free full text
Molindone
Molindone.svg
Clinical data
Pronunciation /mˈlɪndn/ moh-LIN-dohn
Trade names Moban
AHFS/Drugs.com Consumer Drug Information
MedlinePlus a682238
Pregnancy
category
  • C
Routes of
administration
By mouth (tablets)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism Hepatic
Elimination half-life 1.5 hours
Excretion Minor, renal and fecal
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.254.109 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C16H24N2O2
Molar mass 276.380 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
 

//////////MOLINDONE, SPN 810,  SPN 801M, AFX 2201, молиндон,  موليندون  , 吗茚酮  ,

LAZUVAPAGON

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Unii-CK6VS66Q6X.png

LAZUVAPAGON

KRPN-118

CAS 2379889-71-9
Chemical Formula: C27H32N4O3
Molecular Weight: 460.58

(4S)-N-((2S)-1-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepine-4-carboxamide

1H-1-Benzazepine-4-carboxamide, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-N-((1S)-2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-4-methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-, (4S)-

(4S)-N-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-methyl-1-[2-methyl-4-(3- methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepine-4-carboxamide

Vasopressin V2 receptor agonist

Kyorin Pharmaceutical under license from Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho , is developing SK-1404 ([14C]-SK-1404, presumed to be lazuvapagon), for the iv treatment of nocturia, and as an oral formulation, as KRPN-118

PATENT

WO2020171055

PATENT

WO2014104209

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2014104209

PATENT

WO-2020171073

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020171073&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P20-KEM6XV-16484-1

Process for preparing benzazepine derivatives, particularly lazuvapagon a V2 receptor agonist, and their intermediates, useful for treating diabetes insipidus, hemophilia and overactive bladder.

[Fifth Step] to [Sixth Step]
[Chemical
Formula 33] [In the formula, R 1 and R 2 have the same meanings as those in the first step, and * represents an asymmetric center. ]

[0074]
 In the fifth step and the sixth step, the reaction can be performed according to a conventional method.
In the fifth step, compound (IX) is treated with a base (eg, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc.) in a suitable solvent (eg, alcohol solvent such as methanol, ethanol, etc., water), usually at room temperature to an organic solvent. A carboxylic acid compound of the compound (X) can be obtained by reacting at a temperature of the boiling point of the solvent for 30 minutes to 1 day. Next, in the sixth step, the obtained carboxylic acid compound is subjected to amidation with L-alaninol to obtain the compound (V). For the amidation, a method using a condensing agent, a method of reacting L-alaninol with a mixed acid anhydride or acid chloride of carboxylic acid, and the like can be used. In the method using a condensing agent, for example, the carboxylic acid compound and L-alaninol are condensed in a suitable organic solvent (chloroform, dimethylformamide, etc.) in the presence of a base (eg, diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, etc.) (for example, 1 , 3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide (EDC), etc.) alone or in combination with 1-hydroxybenztriazole (HOBt). (V) can be obtained. Further, in the method using a mixed acid anhydride, for example, a carboxylic acid derivative in an appropriate organic solvent (eg, dichloromethane, toluene, etc.) in the presence of a base (eg, pyridine, triethylamine, etc.), an acid chloride (eg, pivaloyl chloride, Tosyl chloride, etc.) or an acid derivative (eg, ethyl chloroformate, isobutyl chloroformate, etc.), and the resulting mixed acid anhydride is reacted with L-alaninol usually at 0° C. to room temperature to give compound (V). Can be obtained. Further, in the method of passing through an acid chloride, for example, an acid chloride is obtained by using a chlorinating agent (eg, thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride, etc.) in a suitable organic solvent (eg, toluene, xylene, etc.) Acid chloride in the presence of a base (eg sodium carbonate, triethylamine etc.) in a suitable organic solvent (eg ethyl acetate, toluene etc.) with L-alaninol,

[0075]
 Compound (V) can also exist as a solvate. The solvate of compound (V) can be obtained by a conventional method for producing a solvate. Specifically, it can be obtained by mixing the compound (V) with a solvent while heating if necessary, and then cooling and crystallizing the mixture while stirring or standing. It is desirable that the cooling be carried out while adjusting the cooling rate if necessary in consideration of the influence on the quality of crystal, grain size and the like. For example, cooling at a cooling rate of 20 to 1° C./hour is preferable, and cooling at a cooling rate of 10 to 3° C./hour is more preferable. As the organic solvent used in these methods, alcohol solvents such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, normal propanol, and tertiary butanol are preferable. The amount of the organic solvent used is preferably 3 to 20 times by weight, more preferably 5 to 10 times by weight, of the compound (V).

PATENT

WO-2020171055

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020171055&tab=FULLTEXT&_cid=P20-KEM6S2-14698-1

The present inventors have investigated the method described in Patent Document 1 by using N-[(S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-4-methyl-1-[2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H). -Pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxamide chiral compound was prepared and analyzed. As a result, the compound was amorphous (amorphous). Solid). Amorphous is known to be a thermodynamically non-equilibrium metastable state and generally has high solubility and dissolution rate, but is low in stability and is often unfavorable in terms of drug development. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to increase the applicability as a drug substance to (S)-N-[(S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-4 represented by the formula (I). -Methyl-1-[2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxamide It is to provide an alcohol solvate or a crystal thereof.
[Chemical 1]

[Reference Example 1] Compound (I) (amorphous)
Compound (I) was produced by the following method.
[Chemical 5]

[0046]
(First Step)
1-(2-Methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b] Azepine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester was treated with methyl bromide in the presence of (R,R)-3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl-NAS bromide, cesium carbonate and cesium fluoride in a mixed solvent of benzene bromide and water. By carrying out methylation using (R)-4-methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-5-oxo-2,3,4 ,5-Tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester was obtained.

[0047]
(Second Step)
(R)-4-Methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-5-oxo-2,3,4,5- Reduction of the ketone portion of tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester with a borane-ammonia complex prepared from sodium borohydride and ammonium sulfate in a toluene solvent gave (4R)-5. -Hydroxy-4-methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine- 4-Carboxylic acid ethyl ester was obtained.

[0048]
(Third Step)
(4R)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5- By chlorinating the hydroxyl group of tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester with phosphorus oxychloride in the presence of pyridine in a toluene solvent, (4S)-5-chloro-4-methyl-1 -(2-Methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester was obtained. It was

[0049]
(Step 4)
(4S)-5-chloro-4-methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5- By stirring tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester in a methanol solvent in the presence of 10% palladium-carbon under slightly pressurized conditions of hydrogen gas, (S)-4-methyl- 1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester Obtained.

[0050]
(Fifth Step)
(S)-4-Methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H- Benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester is hydrolyzed with 30% sodium hydroxide in a solvent of water and methanol to give (S)-4-methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-( 3-Methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid was obtained.

[0051]
(Sixth Step)
(S)-4-Methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H- Benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxylic acid was converted to an acid chloride form using thionyl chloride in a toluene solvent. This acid chloride and L-alaninol are reacted in a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and water in the presence of sodium carbonate to give (S)-N-((S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4-methyl. -1-(2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-4-carboxamide (compound ( I)) was obtained.

[0052]
 FIG. 7 shows the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the compound (I) obtained in the first to sixth steps. No clear peak was observed in the X-ray diffraction pattern, and the compound (I) of Reference Example 1 was found to be amorphous.

[0053]
[Example 1] Isopropanol solvate
of compound (I) To 5.0 g of amorphous compound (I) of Reference Example 1, 65 mL of isopropanol was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After the precipitated suspension was dissolved by heating, it was allowed to cool to room temperature and stirred overnight at 5°C. The suspension was filtered, washed with chilled isopropanol and dried at 40° C. overnight to give 4.9 g of a white solid.

[0054]
 When the obtained compound was analyzed by a thermogravimetric apparatus, the content of isopropanol was 8.2% with respect to the compound (I), and the molar ratio was 0.7 times the amount with respect to the compound (I). It was

[0055]
 The powder X-ray diffraction spectrum and the infrared absorption spectrum of the compound obtained in Example 1 are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, respectively. The characteristic peaks shown in Table 1 were shown as the diffraction angle (2θ) or as the interplanar spacing d. The obtained compound was crystalline.

[0056]
[table 1]
FIG. 2 shows an infrared absorption spectrum of the compound obtained in Example 1.

/////////////LAZUVAPAGON, KRPN-118

CC1=NN(C=C1)C2=CC(=C(C=C2)C(=O)N3CCC(CC4=CC=CC=C43)(C)C(=O)NC(C)CO)C

CILOFEXOR

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Cilofexor.png

Cilofexor Chemical Structure

 

 

CILOFEXOR

C28H22Cl3N3O5 ,

586.8 g/mol

1418274-28-8

GS-9674, Cilofexor (GS(c)\9674)

UNII-YUN2306954

YUN2306954

2-[3-[2-chloro-4-[[5-cyclopropyl-3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl]pyridine-4-carboxylic acid

Cilofexor is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02943447 (Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Adults With Primary Biliary Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis).

Cilofexor (GS-9674) is a potent, selective and orally active nonsteroidal FXR agonist with an EC50 of 43 nM. Cilofexor has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Cilofexor has the potential for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) research.

Gilead , following a drug acquisition from  Phenex , is developing cilofexor tromethamine (formerly GS-9674), the lead from a program of farnesoid X receptor (FXR; bile acid receptor) agonists, for the potential oral treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cholangitis/cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In March 2019, a phase III trial was initiated for PSC; at that time, the trial was expected to complete in August 2022.

PATENT

Product case WO2013007387 , expiry EU in 2032 and in the US in 2034.

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2013007387A1/en

Figure imgf000039_0001

PATENT

WO2020150136 claiming 2,6-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl compounds.

PATENT

https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2020172075&tab=PCTDESCRIPTION&_cid=P20-KEP1ZU-65392-1

WO-2020172075

Novel crystalline forms of cilofexor as FXR agonists useful for treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.   Gilead , following a drug acquisition from  Phenex , is developing cilofexor tromethamine (formerly GS-9674), the lead from a program of farnesoid X receptor (FXR; bile acid receptor) agonists, for the potential oral treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), primary biliary cholangitis/cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis. In March 2019, a phase III trial was initiated for PSC; at that time, the trial was expected to complete in August 2022. Family members of the cilofexor product case WO2013007387 , expire in the EU in 2032 and in the US in 2034.

solid forms of compounds that bind to the NR1H4 receptor (FXR) and act as agonists or modulators of FXR. The disclosure further relates to the use of the solid forms of such compounds for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and/or conditions through binding of said nuclear receptor by said compounds.

 

[0004] Compounds that bind to the NR1H4 receptor (FXR) can act as agonists or modulators of FXR. FXR agonists are useful for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of diseases and conditions through binding of the NR1H4 receptor. One such FXR agonist is the compound of Formula I:

 

 

I.

 

[0005] Although numerous FXR agonists are known, what is desired in the art are physically stable forms of the compound of Formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with desired properties such as good physical and chemical stability, good aqueous solubility and good bioavailability. For example, pharmaceutical compositions are desired that address

challenges of stability, variable pharmacodynamics responses, drug-drug interactions, pH effect, food effects, and oral bioavailability.

 

[0006] Accordingly, there is a need for stable forms of the compound of Formula I with suitable chemical and physical stability for the formulation, therapeutic use, manufacturing, and storage of the compound.

 

[0007] Moreover, it is desirable to develop a solid form of Formula I that may be useful in the synthesis of Formula I. A solid form, such as a crystalline form of a compound of Formula I may be an intermediate to the synthesis of Formula F A solid form may have properties such as bioavailability, stability, purity, and/or manufacturability at certain conditions that may be suitable for medical or pharmaceutical uses.

Description

Cilofexor (GS-9674) is a potent, selective and orally active nonsteroidal FXR agonist with an EC50 of 43 nM. Cilofexor has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Cilofexor has the potential for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) research[1][2].

IC50 & Target

EC50: 43 nM (FXR)[1]

In Vivo

Cilofexor (GS-9674; 30 mg/kg; oral gavage; once daily; for 10 weeks; male Wistar rats) treatment significantly increases Fgf15 expression in the ileum and decreased Cyp7a1 in the liver in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rats. Liver fibrosis and hepatic collagen expression are significantly reduced. Cilofexor also significantly reduces hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and significantly decreases portal pressure, without affecting systemic hemodynamics[3].

Animal Model: Male Wistar rats received a choline-deficient high fat diet (CDHFD)[3]
Dosage: 30 mg/kg
Administration: Oral gavage; once daily; for 10 weeks
Result: Significantly increased Fgf15 expression in the ileum and decreased Cyp7a1 in the liver. Liver fibrosis and hepatic collagen expression were significantly reduced.
Clinical Trial
NCT Number Sponsor Condition Start Date Phase
NCT02943460 Gilead Sciences
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
November 29, 2016 Phase 2
NCT02808312 Gilead Sciences
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
July 13, 2016 Phase 1
NCT02781584 Gilead Sciences
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)|Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
July 13, 2016 Phase 2
NCT02943447 Gilead Sciences
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
December 1, 2016 Phase 2
NCT03987074 Gilead Sciences|Novo Nordisk A+S
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
July 29, 2019 Phase 2
NCT03890120 Gilead Sciences
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
March 27, 2019 Phase 3
NCT02854605 Gilead Sciences
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
October 26, 2016 Phase 2
NCT03449446 Gilead Sciences
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
March 21, 2018 Phase 2
NCT02654002 Gilead Sciences
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)
January 2016 Phase 1
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US9895380 METHODS AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION 2014-09-10 2016-08-04
US2017355693 FXR (NR1H4) MODULATING COMPOUNDS 2017-06-12
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US9139539 NOVEL FXR (NR1H4) BINDING AND ACTIVITY MODULATING COMPOUNDS 2012-07-12 2014-08-07
US2018133203 METHODS OF TREATING LIVER DISEASE 2017-10-27

ClinicalTrials.gov

CTID Title Phase Status Date
NCT03890120 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Non-Cirrhotic Adults With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Phase 3 Recruiting 2020-08-31
NCT02781584 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Selonsertib, Firsocostat, and Cilofexor in Adults With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Recruiting 2020-08-13
NCT03987074 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Monotherapy and Combination Regimens in Adults With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Completed 2020-07-29
NCT02943460 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Adults With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis Phase 2 Completed 2020-06-09
NCT02943447 Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Adults With Primary Biliary Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis Phase 2 Completed 2020-02-11

ClinicalTrials.gov

CTID Title Phase Status Date
NCT03449446 Safety and Efficacy of Selonsertib, Firsocostat, Cilofexor, and Combinations in Participants With Bridging Fibrosis or Compensated Cirrhosis Due to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Completed 2019-12-24
NCT02854605 Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS-9674 in Participants With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Completed 2019-01-29
NCT02808312 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GS-9674 in Adults With Normal and Impaired Hepatic Function Phase 1 Completed 2018-10-30
NCT02654002 Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of GS-9674, and the Effect of Food on GS-9674 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Phase 1 Completed 2016-07-27

EU Clinical Trials Register

EudraCT Title Phase Status Date
2019-000204-14 A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Cilofexor in Non-Cirrhotic Subjects with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Phase 3 Restarted, Ongoing 2019-09-11
2016-002496-10 A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS-9674 in Subjects with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Phase 2 Completed 2017-02-21
2016-002443-42 A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS-9674 in Subjects with Primary Biliary Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis Phase 2 Completed 2017-01-09
2016-002442-23 A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of GS-9674 in Subjects with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Without Cirrhosis Phase 2 Completed 2017-01-09

///////////CILOFEXOR, Cilofexor (GS(c)\9674), GS-9674, phase 3

 

C1CC1C2=C(C(=NO2)C3=C(C=CC=C3Cl)Cl)COC4=CC(=C(C=C4)C5(CN(C5)C6=NC=CC(=C6)C(=O)O)O)Cl

Tetrahydrobiopterin,

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Kuvan (Saproterin Dihydrochloride Tablets): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning

Sapropterin

Sapropterin dihydrochloride, Dapropterin dihydrochloride, R-THBP, 6R-BH4, SUN-0588, Phenoptin, Biopten, Biobuden, Bipten

Approval:US: Dec’07, EU: Dec’08

Approval:US: Dec’07, EU: Dec’08

IUPAC Name

(6R)-2-amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-4-one

SMILES

[H][C@@]1(CNC2=C(N1)C(=O)NC(N)=N2)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O
сапроптерин [Russian] [INN]
سابروبتيرين [INN]
沙丙蝶呤 [Chinese] [INN]
  • 17528-72-2
  • 27070-47-9
  • Sun 0588
  • 6R-BH4
  • R-THBP
  • Sapropterin
  • Sapropterina
  • sapropterinum
  • Tetrahydrobiopterin
Title: Sapropterin
CAS Registry Number: 62989-33-7
CAS Name: (6R)-2-Amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(1H)-pteridinone
Additional Names: (6R)-L-erythro-tetrahydrobiopterin; dapropterin; R-THBP; 6R-BH4
Molecular Formula: C9H15N5O3
Molecular Weight: 241.25
Percent Composition: C 44.81%, H 6.27%, N 29.03%, O 19.90%
Literature References: Natural cofactor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases required for catecholamine and serotonin biosynthesis. Identification of cofactor activity: S. Kaufman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 50, 1085 (1963). Prepn of (6R,S)-BH4: B. Schircks et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 61, 2731 (1978). Chromatographic separation of diastereoisomers: S. W. Bailey, J. E. Ayling, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 1598 (1978). Absolute configuration of natural isomer: W. L. F. Armarego et al., Aust. J. Chem. 35, 785 (1982). Stereospecific synthesis: S. Matsuura et al., Heterocycles 23, 3115 (1985); H. Sakai, T. Kanai, EP 191335eidem, US 4713454 (1986, 1987 both to Shiratori; Suntory). Bioavailability: G. Kapatos, S. Kaufman, Science 212, 955 (1981). Effect on neurotransmitter monoamine biosynthesis: S. Miwa et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 239, 234 (1985). LC determn in biological samples: Y. Tani, T. Ishihara, Life Sci. 46, 373 (1990). Therapeutic potential in hyperphenylalaninemia: S. Kaufman, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol, Suppl., 601 (1992).
Properties: pK¢ 5.05. uv max (0.1 N HCl): 265 nm (e 14000).
pKa: pK¢ 5.05
Absorption maximum: uv max (0.1 N HCl): 265 nm (e 14000)
Derivative Type: Dihydrochloride
CAS Registry Number: 69056-38-8
Manufacturers’ Codes: SUN-0588
Trademarks: Biopten (Maruho)
Molecular Formula: C9H15N5O3.2HCl
Molecular Weight: 314.17
Percent Composition: C 34.41%, H 5.45%, N 22.29%, O 15.28%, Cl 22.57%
Properties: Crystals from HCl, mp 245-246° (dec). [a]D25 -6.81° (c = 0.665 in 0.1 M HCl). uv max (2 M HCl): 264 nm (e 16770).
Melting point: mp 245-246° (dec)
Optical Rotation: [a]D25 -6.81° (c = 0.665 in 0.1 M HCl)
Absorption maximum: uv max (2 M HCl): 264 nm (e 16770)
Therap-Cat: In treatment of hyperphenylalaninemia.
Keywords: Enzyme Cofactor
INGREDIENT UNII CAS INCHI KEY
Sapropterin dihydrochloride RG277LF5B3 69056-38-8 RKSUYBCOVNCALL-NTVURLEBSA-N

Experimental Properties

PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE
melting point (°C) 250-255 °C (hydrochloride salt) Not Available
water solubility >20 mg/mL (dichloride salt) Not Available
logP -1.7 Not Available

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4THB), also known as sapropterin (INN),[2][3] is a cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes,[4] used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonindopaminenorepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and is a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide syntheses.[5] Chemically, its structure is that of a (dihydropteridine reductase) reduced pteridine derivative (Quinonoid dihydrobiopterin).[6]

Medical use

Tetrahydrobiopterin is available as a tablet for oral administration in the form of sapropterin dihydrochloride (BH4*2HCL).[7][8][9] It was approved for use in the United States as a tablet in December 2007[10][11] and as a powder in December 2013.[12][11] It was approved for use in the European Union in December 2008,[9] Canada in April 2010,[11] and Japan in July 2008.[11] It is sold under the brand names Kuvan and Biopten.[9][8][11] The typical cost of treating a patient with Kuvan is US$100,000 per year.[13] BioMarin holds the patent for Kuvan until at least 2024, but Par Pharmaceutical has a right to produce a generic version by 2020.[14]

Sapropterin is indicated in tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency caused by GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) deficiency, or 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency.[15] Also, BH4*2HCL is FDA approved for use in phenylketonuria (PKU), along with dietary measures.[16] However, most people with PKU have little or no benefit from BH4*2HCL.[17]

Sapropterin (tetrahydrobiopterin or BH4) is a cofactor in the synthesis of nitric oxide. It is also essential in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine by the enzyme phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase; the conversion of tyrosine to L-dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase; and conversion of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan via tryptophan hydroxylase.

Sapropterin commonly known as tetrahydrobiopterin (THB or BH4) developed by BioMarin and marketed as Sapropterin dihydrochloride under the brand name of KUVAN®. It is indicated for the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) and tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies. Sapropterin dihydrochloride is chemically known as (6R)-2-amino-6-[(lR, 2S)-1, 2- dihydroxypropyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(lH)-pteridinone dihydrochloride and structurally represented as below.

Figure imgf000002_0001

Sapropterin dihydrochloride

Due to its vital role in the conversion of L-tyrosine into L-DOPA, which is the precursor for dopamine, a deficiency in tetrahydrobiopterin can cause severe neurological disorders unrelated to toxic build-up of L-phenylalanine; dopamine is a crucial neurotransmitter, and is the precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Thus, a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin can result in phenylketonuria (PKU) from L-phenylalanine concentrations or hyperphenylalaninemia (HP A), as well as monoamine and nitric oxide neurotransmitter deficiency or chemical imbalance. The chronic presence of PKU can result in severe brain damage, including symptoms of mental retardation, speech impediments like stuttering, slurring, seizures or convulsions and behavioural abnormalities.

In an article published in Bio Chem J 347 (1): 1-16, tetrahydrobiopterin is reported to be biosynthesized from guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by three chemical reactions mediated by the enzymes GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH), 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS), and sepiapterin reductase (SR).

Preparation of Sapropterin is reported with a mixture of R & S isomers in Helv. Chim. Acta, 60, 1977, 211-214, by catalytic reduction of L-biopterin of formula (2). Similar process with slight modifications is also published in Hel. Chim. Acta, 61, 1978, 2731- 2738.

Figure imgf000003_0001

(2)

In another publication reported in Helv. Chim. Acta, 62, 1979, 2577-2580, separation of the diastereomers (6R) and (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-L-biopterin is reported by fractional crystallization of corresponding tetraacetyl derivative followed by hydrolysis using aq. HC1.

In another process published in Heterocycles, 23(12), 1985, 3115-3120, Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1) is prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of L- biopterin of formula (2) in the presence of Pt02 under latm hydrogen pressure in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 11.8 for 18hr followed by filtration and recrystallization from 8M HC1. With slight modifications in the above reaction conditions like using platinum black, aq. base solutions like tetraethylammonium hydroxide or triethylamine etc. under 100 Kg/cm2 hydrogen pressure / 0° C / pH 12.0 / 1000 rpm / 20h/3N HCl-EtOH with 85% yield is disclosed in US4713454. In another process disclosed in US4595752, L-biopterin of formula (2) is catalytically reduced in the presence of platinum oxide in aq. base / acid solutions like (10% aq. potassium carbonate, aq. sodium carbonate, aq. potassium acetate and 0.1 N aq. HCl) under bubbling of hydrogen gas for 5-30hr at room temperature followed by filtration and isolated as HCl salt of formula (1) using aq. HCl and ethanol to obtain Sapropterin dihydrochloride.

In another approach disclosed in WO2005049614, racemic isomers of Sapropterin dihydrochloride are prepared from L-neopterin.

In another process disclosed in WO2009088979, the diacetyl biopterin is hydrolysed in the presence of aq. diethyl amine-n-butanol mixture at 40°C for 16hr at pH >11.5 followed by hydrogenation in the presence of platinum black using 50 bar hydrogen pressure at 25 °C. Product of formula (1) isolated as HCl salt from ethanol or butanol.

In another process disclosed in US20130197222, Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1) is prepared starting from condensation of crotonoic acid.

The process for preparation of key intermediate, L-biopterin of formula (2) is cited in the following references.

In an article published in J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1955, 77, 3167-3168, L-biopterin of formula (2) is reported to be first isolated from human urine. The melting point reported to be 250-280°C. In another article published in J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1956, 78, 5868-5871, L-biopterin of formula (2) is prepared starting from L-rhamnose. A slight modification in the reaction conditions mentioned above is disclosed in US3505329.

In the article published in Helv. Chim. Acta, 1969, 52, 1225-1228, L-biopterin of formula (2) along with 7-biopterin is synthesized by condensing 2, 4, 5-triamino-6-oxo-l, 6-dihydropyrimidine dihydrochloride with (1 -benzyl- l-phenyl-hydrazino)-5-desoxy-L- ribulose followed by oxidation of the tetrahydro derivative.

Later in the year 1974, in an article, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1974, 96, 6781-6782, L-biopterin is reported to be prepared starting from L-rhamnose. In another approach published in Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1975, 48(12), 3767-3768, L- biopterin of formula (2) is prepared from 2, 4, 5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine dihydrochloride is reacted with hydrazone derivative in aq. methanol at reflux temperature.

In another process disclosed in US5043446 (1989), L-biopterin process is claimed to be synthesized starting from D-ribose. Similar approach with slight variations in the process, later published in Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1989, 1267-1269.

In another approach published in Agric. Biol. Chem., 1989, 53, 2095-2100, L-biopterin is synthesized starting from (S)-ethyl lactate. Prior to this publication the methodology is claimed by the same authors in JP01-221380 (1989).

In another approach disclosed in US5037981 (1990), L-biopterin is synthesized from 2- methylfuran.

In the article, Synthesis, 1992, 303-308, L-biopterin is synthesized from (4S)-4(3P- Acetoxy-5-androsten-17P-ylcarbonyloxy)-2-pentynol.

In the approach published in J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 8698-8700, L-biopterin is synthesized from L-tartaric acid.

In the patent US7361759 (2005), L-biopterin of formula (2) is made from L-rhamnose diethyl mercaptal.

US 20120157671 application discloses the preparation of compound of formula (4a) is by reacting D-ribose of formula (3) with acetone in the presence of sulphuric acid at room temperature followed by neutralization with sodium carbonate and concentrated under vacuum.

Sapropterin | Nature Reviews Drug Discovery

Pharmaceutics 12 00323 g004 550

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/12/4/323/htm

Synthesis Reference

Steven S. Gross, “Blocking utilization of tetrahydrobiopterin to block induction of nitric oxide synthesis.” U.S. Patent US5502050, issued October, 1984.

US5502050

SYN

SYN

Synthetic Reference

Hong, Hao; Gage, James; Chen, Chaoyong; Lu, Jiangping; Zhou, Yan; Liu, Shuangyong. Method for synthesizing sapropterin dihydrochloride. Assignee Asymchem Laboratories (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Peop. Rep. China; Asymchem Life Science (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.; Tianjin Asymchem Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Asymchem Laboratories (Fuxin) Co., Ltd.; Jilin Asymchem Laboratories Co., Ltd. WO 2013152609. (2013).

syn 1

EP 0191335. Aust J Chem 1984,37(2),355-66, Chem Lett 1984,5(5),735-8

Helv Chim Acta 1979,62(8),2577-80

This compound can be prepared in two related ways: 1) The catalytic hydrogenation of biopterin (I) with H2 over PtO2 aqueous K2HPO4 at pH 11.4 or aq. (Et)4NOH at pH 12 yields a solution which is acidified with HCl. After evaporation, the residue is crystallized in ethanol – HCl. 2) The acetylation of biopterin (I) with refluxing acetic anhydride gives the triacetyl derivative (II), which is hydrogenated with H2 over PtO2 in trifluoroacetic acid, yielding the (6RS)-mixture of triacetyl derivatives (III). Acetylation of (III) with refluxing acetic anhydride affords the tetracetyl (6RS)-derivative (IV), which by fractional crystallization or column chromatography of the dihydrochloride in methanol gives the desired compound as pure (6R)-isomer.

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016189542A1/en

formula 1).

Figure imgf000015_0004

The present invention is shown in below scheme- 1

Figure imgf000016_0001

Experimental Section: Example-1: Preparation of (6R)-2-amino-6-[(lR, 2S)-1, 2-dihydroxypropyl]-5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-4(lH)-pteridinone dihydrochloride of formula (1):

Step (i): Preparation of 2, 3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribose of formula (4a)

Into a 5L, 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer socket, and a condenser, were charged acetone (3.0 L), D-ribose (300.0 gm, 2.0 mole) and p-toluene sulfonic acid (11.5 gm). The solution was stirred and maintained at 20-25°C for 2.5-3.0hrs. After completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was neutralized with aq. base solution and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness to get 375.0 gm (98.8% by theory) of 2, 3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribose of formula (4a) as light brown colour oily residue. Purity: >95% by GC. Step (ii): Preparation of l-deoxy-3, 4-O-isopropylidene-D-allitol of formula (5a)

Into a 5L, 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer socket, and a condenser, was charged, 2.0L, 3M methyl magnesium chloride and cooled to 10° C. To this stirred solution, a solution of 200gm of 2,3-0- isopropylidene-D-ribose of formula (4a) dissolved in 200 mL tetrahydrofuran was added. After completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was quenched with ammonium chloride, extracted with ethyl acetate and separated. The solvent was evaporated to dryness under vacuum to get 185gm of l-deoxy-3, 4-O-isopropylidene-D-allitol of formula (5a) as dark brown colour oily residue. The crude product was purified by crystallization from ethyl acetate/hexane mixture to get 130g (60% by theory) as white crystalline solid. Purity: >98% by GC.

JR (λ Cm-1, KBr disc): 3317.64, 2993.69-2976.90, 2926.08, 2873.26 (m) -CH3, 1074.35; 1 HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, EDl®j&¾ : (H2¾H3, J=6.8Hz, 3H),

1.148 (s, CH3, 3H), 1.290 (s,CH3), 3.415-3.357 (m, CH, 1H), 3.652-3.571 (m, CH2, 2H), 3.812-3.803 (d, 2 X CH, 2H), 4.00-3.969 (q, CH, 1H), 4.504-4.476 (t, ΟΗ, ΙΗ), 4.504- 4.476 (d, OH, 1H), 5.381-5.371 (d, OH, 1H): 13 CNMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, □ (ppm): 20.59, 25.35, 27.73, 63.18, 64.61 , 69.77, 76.82, 81.40, 107.31 ; Mass: 206.42 [M], 205.41 [M-l]. DSC (° C): 77.58° C Step (iii): Preparation of 5-deoxy-2, 3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribose of formula (6a)

Into a 5L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer socket, and a condenser, were charged, 1.6 L of water and 270 gm of sodium meta periodate. The solution was cooled to 10-20°C. To the stirred solution, a solution of 200 gm of l-deoxy-3, 4-O-isopropylidene-D-allitol of formula (5a) dissolved in 1.4 L of isopropyl ether at 25°C. After addition, the reaction mixture was maintained at 25-30° C for l-2h. After completion of reaction, the layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with water, aq. sodium bicarbonate and separated. The excess solvent was removed by distillation under vacuum to get 145 gm (85.4% by theory) of 5- deoxy-2, 3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribose of formula (6a) as yellow oil. Purity: >98% by GC.

Step (iv & v): Preparation of 5-deoxy-L-ribose phenyl hydrazone of formula (8) a) Step (iv): Preparation of 5-deoxy-L-ribose of formula (7)

Into a 2L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer socket, and a condenser, were charged 600ml of water and 200gm of 5- deoxy-2, 3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribose of formula (6a). To the stirred reaction mixture, 180gm of resin was charged and stirred for 8-10 h at 10-15° C. After completion of reaction, the resin was recovered and the filtrate was clarified by activated charcoal and filtered. The filtrate was distilled off under vacuum and the resulting 5-deoxy-L-ribose of formula (7) present water was directly used in the next step without further isolation and purification. The purity of 5-deoxy-L-ribose of formula (7) present in water was above 95% by TLC.

b) Step (v): Preparation of 5-deoxy-L-ribose phenyl hydrazone of formula (8)

Into a 2L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer socket, and a condenser, were charged the above aq. solution of 5-deoxy-L- ribose of formula (7), 5.0 mL of acetic acid. To the stirred solution, 125g of phenyl hydrazine was charged and stirred the reaction mixture for l-2h at 25-35° C. After completion of reaction, the reaction product was filtered and washed with isopropyl ether. The wet product was dried to get 190g (73.9% by theory) of 5-deoxy-L-ribose phenyl hydrazone of formula (8) as yellow colour crystalline powder. Purity: >99.0% by HPLC. Step (VI toX): Preparation of L-erythro-biopterin of formula (2)

a) Step (vi): Preparation of triacetoxy-5-deoxy-L-ribose phenylhydrazone of formula (9)

Into a 10L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer socket, and a guard tube, were charged 5L of ethyl acetate, 500g of 5- deoxy-L-ribose phenyl hydrazone of formula (8) and 54gm of 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The reaction mixture was cooled to 25-30° C and was added 730gm of acetic anhydride drop wise. The reaction mixture was maintained under stirring for 2-3h. After completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was washed with water, aq. sodium carbonate and water, and separated. The organic layer was used in the next stage without further isolation and purification.

b) Step (vii): Preparation of 1,2-diacetyl-biopterin of formula (10)

Into a 20L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer socket, addition funnel, and a condenser, were charged, the above organic layer containing triacetoxy-5-deoxy-phenyl hydrazone of formula (9) obtained in step (vi), 3.0 L methanol and 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-triaminopyrimidine base (generated from 600 gm of corresponding sulphate salt) and salt (generated from 350 gm of tetra butyl ammonium bromide and 154g of 70% perchloric acid) and 5.3L water under stirring and heated and maintained at 35-40°C for 6-8h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 20- 25°C and added 1.0 Kg 35% aq. hydrogen peroxide drop wise. The reaction mixture was maintained for 36-40h under stirring at 25-30°C and resulting product was filtered under suction. The wet product was washed with water and utilized in the next step without further purification.

c) Step (viii): Preparation oi -erythro biopterin of formula (2)

Into a 10L 4-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, condenser, thermometer socket, and addition funnel, were charged 1.35 L of aq. potassium hydroxide and the above wet product obtained from step (vii). The reaction mixture was heated to 45-50° C and maintained form 2-3h and filtered. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to neutral and the resulting product was filtered and dried to get 205 g of crude L-erythro-biopterin of formula (2) as dark brown solid. Purity: >90% by HPLC

d) Step (ix): Preparation of potassium salt oi -erythro biopterin of formula (11a) Into a 10L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer socket, and a glass stopper, were charged 650 mL water followed by HOg of potassium hydroxide and dissolved under stirring. The potassium hydroxide solution was cooled to 25-30° C and the above crude L-erythro-biopterin of formula (2) was charged under stirring. The resulting solution was then clarified using activated carbon and filtered. The potassium salt was regenerated from the solution by the addition of 8.5L of isopropyl alcohol. The resulting salt was filtered and washed with isopropyl alcohol. The wet product of formula (11a) was utilized in the next step without further purification.

e) Step (x): Preparation of pure L-er thro biopterin of formula (2) from potassium salt of L-erythro biopterin of formula (2)

Into a 5L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer socket, and addition funnel, were charged 3.2 L of water and the above wet potassium salt of formula (11a). The reaction mixture was stirred to dissolve completely. The resulting solution was clarified using activated carbon and filtered. The pH of the filtrate was adjusted to 6.0-7.0 to get pure L-erythro-biopterin of formula (2). The product was filtered and washed with water followed by isopropyl alcohol followed by isopropyl ether to get 130g of highly pure L-erythro biopterin of formula (2) with > 98% HPLC purity Appearance: pale brown coloured solid.

1H NMR (3N DC1) 5(ppm): 1.569-1.585(d, 3H), 4.596-4.657(p, 1H), 5.325-5.337(d, 1H), 9.355(s, 1H); Mass: 238.29(M+1), 239.22(M+2).

Step (xi): Preparation of Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1)

Into a 5L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, and thermometer socket, were charged 1.8L of water, 250g of L-erythro-biopterin of formula (2) followed by 800mL of 20% aq. potassium carbonate solution under stirring. The solution was then added 90g of platinum oxide catalyst. The reaction mixture was then transferred into an autoclave and pressurized with 40 bar hydrogen gas and hydrogenated at room temperature for 24-30h under stirring. After completion of reaction, the catalyst was filtered off and the pH of the filtrate was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The water was evaporated under vacuum and the resulting crude Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1) was isolated as pale yellow colour solid by addition of isopropanol/l-pentanol mixture. The product was dried in a vacuum oven to get 250g of crude Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1). Step (xii): Purification of Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1)

Into a 2L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer socket, and reflux condenser, were charged 1L water and 250g of Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1). The contents were stirred to dissolve completely. The clear solution was treated with activated charcoal and filtered. The filtrate was distilled off completely under vacuum to afford pale yellow solid. The product was isolated from isopropanol/l-pentanol mixture to get 225.0 g (90%) pure Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1) as pale yellow to off-white solid. HPLC purity is >99.9%.

Example 2: Preparation of triacetoxy-5-deoxy-L-ribose phenylhydrazone of formula

(9)

Into a 10L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer socket, and a guard tube, were charged 50mL of ethyl acetate, 5.0g of 5- deoxy-L-ribose phenyl hydrazone of formula (8) and 0.54g of N, N-dimethylamino pyridine. The reaction mixture was cooled to 15-20°C and was added 7.2gm of acetic anhydride drop wise. The reaction mixture was maintained under stirring for 6-8h. After completion of reaction, the reaction mixture was washed with water, aq. sodium carbonate and water, and separated. The organic layer was distilled under reduced pressure and product was isolated from n-hexane to get 6.2g of triacetoxy-5 -deoxy-L- ribose phenylhydrazone of formula (9) 79.4% yield.

Appearance: Orange coloured solid.

Melting point: 70-75 °C.

1HNMR (CDC13): 1.275-1.29 l(d, 3H), 2.039(s, 3H), 2.085-2.095(d, 6H), 5.083-5.144(m, 1H), 5.390-5.416(t, 1H), 5.589-5.619(t, 1H), 6.849-6.886(t, 1H), 6.922-6.937(t, 1H), 6.966-6.987(d, 2H), 7.221-7.242(d, 2H), 7.563(s, 1H(D20 exchangeable).

13CNMR (CDC13): 15.325, 20.816-21.053, 68.482, 71.717, 73.043, 112.759, 120.510, 129.212, 132.105, 144.049, 169.496, 169.948. Example 3: Preparation of potassium salt of L-erythro biopterin of formula (11)

Into a 1.0L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer socket, and a glass stopper, were charged 75 mL water followed by 3.7g of potassium hydroxide and dissolved under stirring. The potassium hydroxide solution was cooled to 25-30° C and 15.0g of crude L-erythro-biopterin of formula (2) was charged under stirring. The resulting solution was then clarified using activated carbon and filtered. The potassium salt was regenerated from the solution by the addition of 500mL of ethanol. The resulting salt was filtered and washed with ethanol and dried to get 9.1g of potassium salt of L-erythro biopterin of formula (11) with 52.3% yield. HPLC <98% Appearance: Brown coloured solid.

1H NMR (D20): 1.187-1.203(d, 3H), 4.158-4.220(p, 1H), 4.731-4.745(d, 1H), 8.623(s, 1H).

13C NMR (D20): 18.198, 70.645, 76.703, 128.811, 147.875, 149.410, 156.504, 164.774, 173.731.

Mass: 276.23(M+1), 277.21(M+2), 238.29(M-K+1); DSC (° C): 313.12°

Example 4: Preparation of Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1)

Into a 5L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, and thermometer socket, were charged 1.8L of water, 250g of L-erythro-biopterin of formula (2) followed by 800ml of 20% aq. potassium hydroxide solution under stirring. The solution was then added 90gm of platinum oxide catalyst. The reaction mixture was then transferred into an autoclave and pressurized with 50 bar hydrogen gas and hydrogenated at room temperature for 24-30h under stirring. After completion of reaction, the catalyst was recovered by filtration and the filtrate was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The water was evaporated under vacuum and the resulting crude Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1) was isolated as pale yellow colour solid by addition of ethanol- 1 -pentanol mixture. The product was dried in a vacuum oven to get 250g of crude Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1). Example 5: Purification of Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1)

Into a 2L 4 necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermometer socket, and reflux condenser, were charged 1L water and 250g of Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1). The contents were stirred to dissolve completely and the clear solution was treated with activated charcoal and filtered. The filtrate was distilled off completely under vacuum to afford pale yellow solid. The product 225.0 g (90%) was isolated ethanol- 1 -pentanol mixture as pure Sapropterin dihydrochloride of formula (1) as pale yellow to off-white solid. HPLC purity is >99.9%.

syn

str1 str2

str1 str2 str3

PATENT

https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016101211A1/en

was developed by Merck and was launched in the United States and the European Union in 2007 and 2008 under the trade name Kuvan. This product can be used to treat hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) caused by tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency. The structure is as follows:

Figure PCTCN2014094961-appb-000001

The chemical name is: (6R)-2-amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(1H)-fluorenone Dihydrochloride.

The oxaprozin hydrochloride can be obtained by hydrogenation of L-erythrobiopterin. The literature Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1989, 1267-1269 reports the preparation of L-erythrobiopterin starting from L-ribose. The preparation route is as follows:

Figure PCTCN2014094961-appb-000002

Although the method is simple and easy to perform, it is a better preparation route, but the disadvantage is that the starting material L-ribose price is higher, thus causing the cost of sapropium hydrochloride to be high.

The literature for the preparation of L-erythrobiopteris is reported by the documents Helv. Chim. Acta, 1985, 1639-1643, US2011218339A, etc. The product of the acetylation reaction of the steroid compound 6 with 2,4,5-triaminopyrimidinone Cyclization in a methanol/water/pyridine system followed by aromatization with an iodine reagent to give an acetylated L- Red-type biopterin, followed by hydrolysis and deacetylation to obtain L-erythrobiopterin. The reaction equation is as follows:

Figure PCTCN2014094961-appb-000003

Among them, compound 6 is used as a key intermediate, and many methods for its preparation are reported. The method reported in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 6781-6782, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 2301-2307, etc., uses L-rhamnose as a raw material, and reacts with ethanethiol to form a corresponding shrinkage. Sulfuraldehyde, oxidizing thiol to sulfone with an oxidizing agent, removing a carbon under alkaline conditions to obtain 5-deoxy-L-arabinose, and reacting 5-deoxy-L-arabinose with phenylhydrazine to obtain a key intermediate formula 6 . The synthetic route is as follows:

Figure PCTCN2014094961-appb-000004

Although this method has been improved and improved many times, the ethanethiol used has a special malodor and requires the use of a deodorizing device, and its lower boiling point also causes inconvenience to the production.

Document J. Org. Chem. 1996, 8699-8700 reports that L-tartaric acid is used as a starting material, which is protected by hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, reduction, addition, deprotection to obtain 5-deoxy-L-ribose, 5-deoxy- The condensation of L-arabinose with phenylhydrazine gives key intermediates. The synthetic route is as follows:

Figure PCTCN2014094961-appb-000005

The reducing agent used in the route of the acid chloride to reduce the aldehyde is bis(triphenylphosphine) copper borohydride (I), which has a high price and is not favorable for the control of industrialization cost. The reaction temperature of the format reagent with carbonyl addition and lactone reduction is -78 ° C, and the energy consumption in industrial production is high. In addition, the post-treatment of the multi-step reaction uses silica gel column color The spectrum is purified and it is difficult to achieve industrialization. Therefore, this route has great disadvantages in terms of cost and operability in industrial production.

Document CN201010151443.2 reports the use of L-arabinose as a starting material to obtain L-erythrobioptery through a multi-step reaction. The preparation route is as follows:

Figure PCTCN2014094961-appb-000006

In reproducing the preparation method, we have found that the intermediate 2 is directly subjected to reduction and desulfonation reaction to prepare the intermediate 2, which has the disadvantages of low yield, low product purity, and difficulty in purification of the product. Therefore, it is necessary to find a simple, feasible and low-cost preparation route.

 scheme synthetic route includes the following steps:

Figure PCTCN2014094961-appb-000012

Example 1: Preparation of Product 1

To the reaction flask was added 10 L of anhydrous methanol, and 1.5 kg of the starting material L-arabinose was added under mechanical stirring. 250 g of concentrated sulfuric acid was added dropwise under a water bath, and the reaction was stirred for 20-24 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC, and 350 g of sodium carbonate was added to the reaction system. Stir until pH = 7-8 and filter. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure at 35 ° C to 40 ° C to dryness to yield 1.64 kg of oil, yield -100%.

Example 2: Preparation of product 2

The product 1, 4 L of pyridine and 5 L of acetonitrile were added to the reaction flask and dissolved by mechanical stirring. The mixture was cooled by stirring, and a solution of 1.8 kg of p-toluenesulfonyl 5 L acetonitrile was added dropwise at a temperature of 0 to 5 ° C. After completion of the dropwise addition, the reaction was stirred at room temperature 20-25 ° C for 4 hours. The TLC monitors the reaction.

After concentration, 12 L of ethyl acetate and 5 L of water were added to the concentrated residue, and the layers were stirred. The organic layer was washed with 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid, saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate and saturated brine and dried. Filtration and concentration of the filtrate gave 1.7 kg of pale yellow oil, yield 56.3%.

Example 3: Preparation of product 3

1.2 kg of product 2 was added to a 10 L reaction flask, dissolved with 6 L of methyl ethyl ketone, and 840 g of sodium iodide was added with stirring. After the addition, the temperature was refluxed for 12 hours, and the reaction was completed by TLC. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated. It was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with water, and the aqueous layer was evaporated. The combined organic layers were washed with EtOAc EtOAc m.

Example 4: Preparation of product 4

To a 20 L reaction flask was added 900 g of product 3, 332 g of triethylamine dissolved in 9 L of methanol, 45 g of 10% Pd/C, vacuumed, hydrogenated twice, and hydrogenated at a constant temperature of 25-30 ° C for 16 hours. The reaction was completed by TLC, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue. 4 L of ethyl acetate was added to the residue to precipitate a white solid. The mixture was stirred at 0 ° C for 30 min, and filtered. The filtrate was added to 2 L of a 0.4 mol/L sulfuric acid solution and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was washed once with 50 mL of ethyl acetate to give an aqueous solution of product 4 (approximately 250 g).

Example 5: Preparation of product 5

The aqueous solution of product 4 was added to the reaction flask, and the reaction was heated at 75 ° C for 3 hours, and the reaction was completed by TLC (DCM: MeOH = 10:1). After cooling to room temperature, it was washed with 100 mL of ethyl acetate, and the aqueous layer was separated to give the product 5, i.e., about 213 g of aqueous solution of 5-deoxy-L-arabinose, which was directly reacted in the next step.

Example 6: Preparation of product 6

To the reaction flask, 2.5 L of ethyl acetate and 170 g of phenylhydrazine were added under nitrogen, and an aqueous solution of the product 5 was added dropwise with stirring at a temperature of 5 to 10 ° C (protected from light). The reaction was kept for 1 hour, and then the temperature was raised to 20-25 ° C for 30 min. The reaction was completed by TLC and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and organic layers were combined. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.

The ethyl acetate solution of product 6 was added to the reaction flask under nitrogen, and 8 L of petroleum ether was slowly added with stirring. After the addition was completed, the mixture was cooled to -5 – 10 ° C and stirred for 1 hour, and filtered to give a beige solid. Drying under reduced pressure at 30-35 ° C gave a dry product of about 250 g, yield 71.4%.

Example 7: Preparation of product 7

To the reaction flask was added 2.5 L of ethyl acetate and 250 g of product 6. 30 g of DMAP was added with stirring. 400 ml of acetic anhydride was added dropwise at a temperature of 15 ° C, and the reaction was stirred at a temperature of 20-25 ° C for 3 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC, and a hydrochloric acid solution was added at a temperature of 15 ° C to separate the layers. The organic layer was washed with saturated hydrochloric acid and saturated sodium hydrogen sulfate. The organic phase was separated, dried and filtered to give 371 g, m.

Example 8: Preparation of product 9

To the reaction flask was added 220 g of product 8, 2.2 L of purified water. Under stirring, 500 g of a product 7 in 5 L of methanol and 150 g of anhydrous lithium perchlorate dissolved in 1.5 L of water were added. After the addition was completed, the reaction was stirred at a temperature of 30 to 32 ° C for 20 hours. The reaction is completed and filtered. The filtrate was temperature-controlled at 15 ° C to 20 ° C, and 1 L of 30% hydrogen peroxide was added dropwise. After the addition, the reaction was kept at 20 ° C for 6 hours, and the solid was precipitated, filtered, and dried by blasting at 35-40 ° C to obtain 215 g of a brownish yellow product 9 in a yield of 47%.

Example 9: Preparation of product 10

To the reaction flask, 80 g of product 9, 400 ml of purified water, 300 ml of n-butanol, and 80 ml of diethylamine were added, and the mixture was stirred and heated to 45-50 ° C for 16 hours. After the TLC reaction is completed, the layers are separated, and the aqueous layer is separated to obtain an aqueous solution of the product 10, which is directly reacted in the next step.

Example 10: Preparation of Product I

An aqueous solution of product 10 was added to the autoclave, and 50 ml of triethylamine and 2 g of platinum dioxide were added thereto with stirring. The pressure was evacuated, the hydrogen was replaced three times, the pressure was controlled to 1.5 MPa, and the reaction was stirred at 35 ° C for 20 hours. After filtration, the filtrate was added to 30 ml of n-butanol for 5 min, and the mixture was allowed to stand to give an aqueous solution of product I. 200 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise at a temperature of 10 ° C, and the aqueous solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. 500 ml of 95% ethanol was added to the crude product, and the mixture was heated to 55-60 ° C for 1 hour, then cooled to 35 ° C for 2 hours, filtered, and the filter cake was dried to give the product I35 g.

Example 11: Preparation of product 9′

To the reaction flask was added 1.25 L of ethyl acetate and 125 g of product 9. 15 g of DMAP was added with stirring. 200 ml of acetic anhydride was added dropwise at a temperature of 15 ° C, and the reaction was stirred at a temperature of 20-25 ° C for 3 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC, and a hydrochloric acid solution was added at a temperature of 15 ° C to separate the layers. The organic layer was washed with saturated hydrochloric acid and saturated sodium hydrogen sulfate. The organic phase was separated, dried and concentrated to give 12,5 g of oil.

Example 12: Preparation of product 10

The product 9′ prepared in Example 11 was added to the reaction flask, 600 ml of purified water, 450 ml of n-butanol, and 120 ml of diethylamine were added, and the mixture was stirred and heated to 45-50 ° C for 16 hours. After the TLC reaction is completed, the layers are separated, and the aqueous layer is separated to obtain an aqueous solution of the product 10, which is directly reacted in the next step.

Example 13: Preparation of Product I

An aqueous solution of the product 10 prepared in Example 12 was added to the hydrogenation vessel, and 80 ml of triethylamine, 3 g of platinum dioxide was added thereto with stirring, and vacuum was applied thereto, and the pressure was controlled to 1.5 MPa, and the reaction was stirred at 35 ° C for 20 hours. After filtration, the filtrate was added to 45 ml of n-butanol for 5 min, and the mixture was allowed to stand to give an aqueous solution of product I. After cooling at 10 ° C, 300 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise, and the aqueous solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. 750 ml of 95% ethanol was added to the crude product, and the mixture was heated to 55-60 ° C for 1 hour, then cooled to 35 ° C for 2 hours, filtered, and the filter cake was dried to give the product I 48.9 g.

///////////

https://patents.google.com/patent/US9365573B2/en

Sapropterin dihydrochloride, chemical name (6R)-2-amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(1H)-pteridinone dihydrochloride, molecular formula C9H15N5O3.2HCl, and CAS registry number 69056-38-28, is a synthetic product of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) dihydrochloride. BHis a cofactor of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH). Tyrosine is acquired from Phenylalanine (Phe) through hydroxylation under the action of PAH which is low in activity or even inactive in PKU patients, while BHis able to activate PAH, promote normal oxidative metabolism of Phe in the bodies of the patients, and reduce the Phe levels in the bodies of some patients. On Dec. 16, 2007, the sapropterin dihydrochloride tablets produced by BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. in USA were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for marketing for treatment of PKU. Because of the effective activity of sapropterin dihydrochloride, it is extremely necessary to select a route applicable to industrial production with high product purity.

At present, BHis mainly synthesized by the following methods reported in literatures:

1. Preparation using 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAP) and 5-deoxy-L-arabinose as raw materials, please see literature E. L. Patterson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 5868(1956).

2. Preparation using TAP and 5-deoxy-L-arabinose phenylhydrazone as raw materials, please see literature Matsuura et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 48,3767 (1975);

3. Preparation by reaction of raw materials hydroxyl-protected TAP and 4-acetyl-2,3-epoxypentanal through oxidation of iodine and a dehydroxylation protecting group, please see literature Matsuura et al., Chemistry of Organic Synthesis, MI/g. 46. No. 6, P570(1988).

These traditional methods for preparing BH4 have the following major disadvantages: raw materials are expensive, arabinose which can be hardly acquired is used as a carbon atom radical for asymmetric synthesis; there are multiple steps in reactions with low yield, and low product purity, 5-deoxy-L-arabinose is easily degraded in a reaction solution, and products of the synthesis routes above have low stereoselectivity. To sum up, the traditional synthesis methods are not applicable to mass industrial production. Therefore, a synthesis route, which is applicable to industrial production with high product purity, high yield and high stereoselectivity, needs to be searched urgently.

tep 10: add 0.7 kg (0.05 g/g) of palladium 5% on carbon in the presence of the methanol solution containing 1.5 kg of acetylamino-7,8-dihydropteridine

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00106


obtained in Step 9, introduce hydrogen until the pressure of the reaction kettle is 0.8±0.05 MPa, control the temperature of the system at 25±5° C. and the pressure at 0.8±0.05 MPa, react for 82 hours, after reacting thoroughly, perform quenching in 31.9 kg (9 eq) of dilute hydrochloric acid having a concentration of 15%, and perform suction filtration and drying to the system to obtain a target product, i.e. a crude product of sapropterin dihydrochloride

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00107


recrystallize and purify the crude product by 29 L (20 ml/g) of methanol at 35±5° C. to obtain 0.8 kg of a pure product, with a yield of 45%, a purity of 98.3% and an enantiomeric excess of 99.1%.

Embodiment 5: main raw material:

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00108


and X═O

Step 1: add 836 kg (0.3 eq) of a tetrahydrofuran solution contaning a samarium catalyst having a concentration of 4%, 29.2 kg (0.3 eq) of (R)-(+)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 28.4 kg (0.3 eq) of triphenylphosphine oxide, and 600 kg (10 kg/kg) of a 4 A molecular sieve to a 3000 L reaction kettle, after stirring uniformly, control the system temperature at 20±5° C., add 117.4 kg (2 eq) of meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, add 60 kg (1 eq) of benzyl crotonate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00109


to the system after adding meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, react for 32 hours while preserving the temperature, add 19.6 kg (0.3 eq) of citric acid to the system to stop the reaction, and perform centrifugation, concentration and rectification to the system to obtain 40.5 kg of (2S,3R)-2,3-epoxy-benzyl butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00110


with a yield of 62%;

Step 2: add 36.8 kg (3 eq) of acetone, and 5.4 kg (0.6 eq) of lithium chloride to a 500 L enamel vessel, control the temperature at 15±5° C., add 40.5 kg (1 eq) of (2S,3R)-2,3-epoxy-benzyl butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00111


react for 7 hours while preserving the temperature, add 422 kg (2 eq) of a potassium bicarbonate aqueous solution having a concentration of 10%, and perform liquid separation, extraction and concentration to the system to obtain 44 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-acetonide-benzyl butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00112


with a yield of 82%;

Step 3: add 352 L (8 ml/g) of ethanol, and 44 kg (1 eq) of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-2,3-acetonide-benzyl butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00113


to a 1000 L reaction kettle, increase the temperature to 37±5° C., add 4.8 kg (1.5 eq) of pure water and 53.2 kg (1.5 eq) of a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution having a concentration of 20%, react for 6 hours while preserving the temperature, perform centrifugation, dissolve a filter cake in 352 L (8 ml/g) of ethanol, add 71.0 kg (3 eq) of L-α-amphetamine, preserve the temperature at 22±5° C. for 4 hours, and perform centrifugation and drying to obtain 32.4 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-2,3-acetonide-phenylacetylamino butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00114


with a yield of 62%;

Step 4: add 48 L (6 ml/g) of 1,4-dioxane, 8 kg (1 eq) of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-2,3-acetonide-phenylacetylamino butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00115


to a 72 L reaction bottle, then add a dilute sulphuric acid aqueous solution having a concentration of 10% to the system to regulate the pH at 2.5±0.5, control the temperature at −5±5° C., react for 1 hour, perform liquid separation to obtain an organic phase, add 7.0 kg of (2.0 eq) N,N-diisopropylethylamine to the organic phase, and concentrate the system to obtain 4.1 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-methanoic acid

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00116


with a yield of 93.5%;

Step 5: add 49 L (12 ml/g) of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 4.1 kg of 1,3-dioxolan-4-methanoic acid

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00117


and 13.1 kg (4 eq) of N,N-diisopropylethylamine to a 100 L reaction bottle, reduce the temperature to −22±5° C., add 5.5 kg (2.0 eq) of ethyl chloroformate, react for 1.8 hours while preserving the temperature, introduce a diazomethane gas for 1.8 hours, add 18.5 kg (4.5 eq) of a hydrochloride ethanol solution having a concentration of 20%, react for 1.8 hours, add potassium bicarbonate to regulate the pH value to 8.5±0.5, and perform extraction, liquid separation and concentration to obtain 4.1 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-5-chloroacetyl-1,3-dioxolane

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00118


with a yield of 83.7%;

Step 6: add 49 L (12 ml/g) of acetone, 4.1 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-5-chloroacetyl-1,3-dioxolane

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00119


3.4 kg (2.5 eq) of sodium azide, and 1.8 kg (0.5 eq) of potassium iodide to a 72 L bottle, react the system for 26 hours while preserving the temperature at 34±5° C., perform filtering and concentration to obtain an acetone solution containing 3.9 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-5-(2-azidoacetyl)-1,3-dioxolane

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00120


with a yield of 91.5%;

Step 7: add 46.4 L (12 ml/g) of methyl tert-butyl ether and 1.2 kg (0.3 g/g) of Raney nickel to a 100 L reaction kettle, introduce hydrogen until the system pressure is 0.8±0.1 MPa, regulate the pH of the system to 3±0.5 with concentrated sulfuric acid, add an acetonitrile solution containing 3.9 kg (1 eq) of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-5-(2-azidoacetyl)-1,3-dioxolane

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00121


react at 27±5° C. for 8.5 hours, perform suction filtration and concentration to obtain 2.3 kg of (3S,4S)-1-amino-3,4-dihydroxy-2-pentanone

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00122


with a yield of 89%;

Step 8: add 23 L (10 ml/g) of propanol, 6.9 L (3 ml/g) of pure water, 0.9 kg of (0.3 eq) of potassium iodide, 4.8 kg (1.2 eq) of compound A (2-amino-6-chloro-5-nitro-3H-pyrimidin-4-one), 2.3 kg (1 eq) of (3S,4S)-1-amino-3,4-dihydroxy-2-pentanone

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00123


and 10.5 kg (6 eq) of diisopropylamine to a 50 L reaction bottle, react the system for 7 hours while preserving the temperature at 72±5° C., then add a potassium dihydrogen phosphate-dipotassium phosphate aqueous solution to regulate the pH of the system to 7.5±0.5; and filter the system to obtain 2.5 kg of 2-acetylamino-5-nitro-6-((3S,4S)-3,3-dihydroxy-2-oxo-pentylamino)-pyrimidin-4-one

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00124


with a yield of 44%;

Step 9: add 1.25 kg (1 eq) of 2-acetylamino-5-nitro-6((3S,4S)-3,3-dihydroxy-2-oxo-pentylamino)-pyrimidin-4-one

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00125


50 L (40 ml/g) of ethanol and 0.5 kg (0.4 g/g) of 10% palladium on carbon to a 100 L autoclave, introduce hydrogen until the reaction system pressure is 0.8±0.05 MPa, control the temperature of the system at 27±5° C. and the pressure at 0.8±0.05 MPa, react for 24 hours, filter the system, and regulate the pH to 11±0.5 to obtain an ethanol solution containing 1.1 kg of acetylamino-7,8-dihydropteridine

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00126


which is used directly in the next step;

Step 10: add 0.44 kg (0.4 g/g) of palladium 10% on carbon in the presence of the ethanol solution containing 1.1 kg of acetylamino-7,8-dihydropteridine

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00127


obtained in Step 9, introduce hydrogen until the pressure of the reaction kettle is 0.8±0.05 MPa, control the temperature of the system at 25±5° C. and the pressure at 0.8±0.05 MPa, react for 80 hours, after reacting thoroughly, perform quenching in 20 kg (8 eq) of dilute hydrochloric acid having a concentration of 15%, and perform suction filtration and drying to the system to obtain a target product, i.e. a crude product of sapropterin dihydrochloride

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00128


recrystallize and purify the crude product by 21.4 L (20 ml/g) of ethanol at 35±5° C. to obtain 0.4 kg of a pure product, with a yield of 46.2%, a purity of 98.5% and an enantiomeric excess of 99.2%.

Embodiment 6: main raw material:

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00129


and X═N

Step 1: add 522 kg (0.05 eq) of a tetrahydrofuran solution containing a samarium catalyst having a concentration of 2%, 9.1 kg (0.05 eq) of (R)-(+)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, 8.9 kg (0.05 eq) of triphenylphosphine oxide, and 567 kg (7 kg/kg) of a 4 A molecular sieve to a 3000 L reaction kettle, after stirring uniformly, control the system temperature at 8±5° C., add 57.4 kg (0.eq) of a tert-butyl hydroperoxide toluene solution having a concentration of 50%, add 81.1 kg (1 eq) of (E)-N-isopropylbut-2-enamide

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00130


to the system after adding the tert-butyl hydroperoxide toluene solution, react for 34 hours while preserving the temperature, add 6.1 kg (0.05 eq) of citric acid to the system to stop the reaction, and perform centrifugation, concentration and rectification to the system to obtain 56.1 kg of (2S,3R)-2,3-epoxy-diisopropylamido butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00131


with a yield of 61.5%;

Step 2: add 11.4 kg (0.5 eq) of acetone, and 8.8 kg (0.1 eq) of zinc bromide to a 500 L enamel vessel, control the temperature at 20±5° C., add 56.1 kg (1 eq) of (2S,3R)-2,3-epoxy-diisopropylamido butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00132


react for 8.5 hours while preserving the temperature, add 329 kg (2 eq) of a sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution having a concentration of 10%, and perform liquid separation, extraction and concentration to the system to obtain 64.7 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-2,3-acetonide-diisopropylamido butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00133


with a yield of 82%;

Step 3: add 259 L (4 ml/g) of tetrahydrofuran, and 64.7 kg (1 eq) of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-2,3-acetonide-diisopropylamido butyrate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00134


to a 1000 L reaction kettle, increase the temperature to 27±5° C., add 2.9 kg (0.5 eq) of pure water and 29.9 kg (0.5 eq) of a methanol solution of sodium methoxide having a concentration of 29.9%, react for 4 hours while preserving the temperature, perform centrifugation, dissolve a filter cake in 194 L (3 ml/g) of tetrahydrofuran, add 39 kg (1 eq) of L-α-phenylethylamine, preserve the temperature at 18±5° C. for 3.5 hours, and perform centrifugation and drying to obtain 54.3 kg of 1-phenyltehanamine (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00135


with a yield of 60%;

Step 4: add 30 L (3 ml/g) of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 10 kg (1 eq) of 1-phenyltehanamine (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylate

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00136


to a 72 L reaction bottle, then add a dilute phosphoric acid aqueous solution having a concentration of 10% to the system to regulate the pH at 1.5±0.5, control the temperature at −5±5° C., react for 1 hour, perform liquid separation to obtain an organic phase, add 3.7 kg of (0.8 eq) N,N-diisopropylethylamine to the organic phase, and concentrate the system to obtain 5.3 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-methanoic acid

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00137


with a yield of 92.5%;

Step 5: add 42 L (8 ml/g) of 1,4-dioxane, 5.3 kg of 1,3-dioxolan-4-methanoic acid

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00138


and 8.5 kg (2 eq) of N,N-diisopropylethylamine to a 100 L reaction bottle, reduce the temperature to −10±5° C., add 4 kg (21.0 eq) of propyl chloroformate, react for 2 hours while preserving the temperature, introduce a diazomethane gas for 2 hours, add 12 kg (2 eq) of a hydrochloride ethanol solution having a concentration of 20%, react for 2 hours, add sodium hydroxide to regulate the pH value to 7.5±0.5, and perform extraction, liquid separation and concentration to obtain 5.1 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-5-chloroacetyl-1,3-dioxolane

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00139


with a yield of 81%; Step 6: add 41 L (8 ml/g) of tetrahydrofuran, 5.1 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-5-chloroacetyl-1,3-dioxolane

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00140


3.1 kg (1 eq) of azidotrimethylsilane, and 0.5 kg (0.1 eq) of sodium iodide to a 72 L bottle, react the system for 30 hours while preserving the temperature at 12±5° C., perform filtering and concentration to obtain an acetone solution containing 4.6 kg of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-5-(2-azidoacetyl)-1,3-dioxolane

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00141


with a yield of 87.5%;

Step 7: add 28 L (6 ml/g) of 1,4-dioxane and 0.23 kg (0.05 g/g) of palladium 10% on carbon to a 50 L reaction kettle, introduce hydrogen until the system pressure is 0.8±0.1 MPa, regulate the pH of the system to 3±0.5 with acetic acid, add an acetonitrile solution containing 4.6 kg (1 eq) of (4S,5S)-2,2,5-trimethyl-5-(2-azidoacetyl)-1,3-dioxolane

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00142


react at 27±5° C. for 8.5 hours, react for 8.5 hours, perform suction filtration and concentration to obtain 2.7 kg of (3S,4S)-1-amino-3,4-dihydroxy-2-pentanone

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00143


with a yield of 87.7%;

Step 8: add 16.3 L (6 ml/g) of isopropanol, 2.7 L (1 g/g) of pure water, 0.4 kg of (0.1 eq) of sodium iodide, 4.8 kg (1.0 eq) of compound A (2-amino-6-chloro-5-nitro-3H-pyrimidin-4-one), 2.7 kg (1 eq) of (3S,4S)-1-amino-3,4-dihydroxy-2-pentanone

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00144


and 8.7 kg (4 eq) of sodium carbonate to a 50 L reaction bottle, react the system for 7 hours while preserving the temperature at 45±5° C., then add an ammonium formate-ammonia aqueous solution to regulate the pH of the system to 6.5±0.5; and filter the system to obtain 2.85 kg of 2-acetylamino-5-nitro-6((3S,4S)-3,3-dihydroxy-2-oxo-pentylamino)-pyrimidin-4-one

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00145


with a yield of 42.5%;

Step 9: add 2 kg (1 eq) of 2-acetylamino-5-nitro-6-((3S,4S)-3,3-dihydroxy-2-oxo-pentylamino)-pyrimidin-4-one

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00146


60 L (30 ml/g) of ethanol and 0.2 kg (0.1 g/g) of platinum dioxide to a 100 L autoclave, introduce hydrogen until the reaction system pressure is 0.6±0.05 MPa, control the temperature of the system at 20±5° C. and the pressure at 0.6±0.05 MPa, react for 20 hours, filter the system, and regulate the pH to 11±0.5 to obtain an ethanol solution containing 1.7 kg of acetylamino-7,8-dihydropteridine

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00147


which is used directly in the next step;

Step 10: add 0.2 kg (0.1 g/g) of platinum dioxide in the presence of the ethanol solution containing 1.7 kg of acetylamino-7,8-dihydropteridine

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00148


obtained in Step 9, introduce hydrogen until the pressure of the reaction kettle is 0.6±0.05 MPa, control the temperature of the system at 15±5° C. and the pressure at 0.6±0.05 MPa, react for 75 hours, after reacting thoroughly, perform quenching in 30 kg (5 eq) of dilute hydrochloric acid having a concentration of 10%, and perform suction filtration and drying to the system to obtain a target product, i.e. a crude product of sapropterin dihydrochloride

Figure US09365573-20160614-C00149


recrystallize and purify the crude product by 17 L (10 ml/g) of butanone at 15±5° C. to obtain 0.6 kg of a pure product, with a yield of 43%, a purity of 98.4% and an enantiomeric excess of 98.9%.

Thus, it can be seen that synthesis of a sapropterin dihydrochloride compound and an intermediate thereof disclosed in a method of the present disclosure can obtain a target product with a high purity, a high enantiomeric excess, and a high yield. The synthesis method uses readily-available raw materials, significantly reduces a synthesis route of sapropterin dihydrochloride. The technological conditions are stable, and there is less pollution in the whole operation process, hence providing an effective scheme for mass industrial production of sapropterin dihydrochloride.

The above are only preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and should not be used to limit the present disclosure. For those skilled in the art, the present disclosure may have various modifications and changes. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements and the like within the spirit and principle of the present disclosure shall fall within the scope of protection of the present disclosure.

///////

USA
Patent No. Patent Type Assignee Patent Expiry
(Pediatric exclusivity)
Estimated Expiry Status
US 4,713,454 Process Shiratori Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Narashino, JP) Suntory Limited (Osaka, JP) NA 23-JAN-06 Expired

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Further reading

External links

Tetrahydrobiopterin
INN: sapropterin
(6R)-Tetrahydrobiopterin structure.png
Clinical data
Trade names Kuvan, Biopten
Other names Sapropterin hydrochloride (JAN JP), Sapropterin dihydrochloride (USAN US)
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a608020
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1[1]
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)[1]
Routes of
administration
By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • CA℞-only
  • US: ℞-only
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life 4 hours (healthy adults)
6–7 hours (PKU patients)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.164.121 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
Formula C9H15N5O3
Molar mass 241.251 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

////////Sapropterin, сапроптерин سابروبتيرين , 沙丙蝶呤 , Tetrahydrobiopterin,

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